A dispassionate analysis of the effect-political, economic, and psychological-of sanctions on the Middle East's "pariah" states.

Freedom HouseOs innovative publication WomenOs Rights in the Middle East and North Africa: Progress Amid Resistance analyzes the status of women in the region, with a special focus on the gains and setbacks for womenOs rights since the first edition was released in 2005. The study presents a comparative evaluation of conditions for women in 17 countries and one territory: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Palestine (Palestinian Authority and Israeli-Occupied Territories), Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. The publication identifies the causes and consequences of gender inequality in the Middle East, and provides concrete recommendations for national and international policymakers and implementers. Freedom House is an independent nongovernmental organization that supports democratic change, monitors freedom, and advocates for democracy and human rights. The project has been embraced as a resource not only by international players like the United Nations and the World Bank, but also by regional womenOs rights organizations, individual activists, scholars, and governments worldwide. WomenOs rights in each country are assessed in five key areas: (1) Nondiscrimination and Access to Justice; (2) Autonomy, Security, and Freedom of the Person; (3) Economic Rights and Equal Opportunity; (4) Political Rights and Civic Voice; and (5) Social and Cultural Rights. The methodology is based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the study results are presented through a set of numerical scores and analytical narrative reports.

Systematically analyzes the impacts and the effectiveness of UN targeted sanctions over the past quarter century.

An original reconstruction of the evolution of and international diplomatic response to the 2011 Libyan crisis, which draws on a diverse range of sources including in-depth interviews with politicians and diplomats to understand the real-world application of the UN's 'Responsibility to Protect' principle.

No aircraft disaster in history has produced the amount of legal wrangling as the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, on December 21, 1988, in which 259 passengers and crew members and 11 people on the ground were killed. The Lockerbie families wanted justice in the name of their relatives that died in the aircraft, but only in 1996 did the US Administration and Congress amend the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act with the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act that allowed civil actions against Libya. Libya was finally served, under the provisions of the Act, in 1997, and answered the complaints, asserting in its answers that the underlying statute was unconstitutional. One area of the Lockerbie litigation was the unusual use by Libya of an international treaty called The Montreal Convention of 1971 for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation. The purpose of this treaty was to prevent attacks against civil aircraft and provide for cooperation between countries when there has been such an attack and to provide appropriate measures to punish offenders. It was not meant to give jurisdiction over criminal proceedings to the country of the alleged wrongdoer. This book contains legal materials related to the Lockerbie Trial and examines this landmark case in international criminal law. (Series: International Courts and Tribunals Cases - Vol. 4)