The aviation industry is committed to reducing its environmental impact and has established the ambitious goals to reach carbon neutral growth by 2020 and to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 50% (from 2005 levels) by 2050. Currently, the aviation industry generates approximately 2% of man-caused carbon dioxide emissions; it is a small but growing share that is projected to reach 3% by 2030. BOEING and EMBRAER, as leading aviation companies committed to a more sustainable future, have joined efforts to support initiatives to lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions derived from air transportation. These emissions represent an important global concern in the 21st century, and the growing aviation industry will need to find ways to reduce its contribution, particularly in substituting fossil fuels by sustainable biofuel. Airlines are doing their part as well. Globally, they have created the Sustainable Aviation Fuel Users Group (SAFUG), an organization focused on accelerating the development and commercialization of sustainable aviation biofuels and representing about 30% of commercial jet fuel demand. Brazil is internationally recognized for its long experience of using biomass for energy purposes beginning with wood, sugarcane ethanol, and biodiesel. Modern bioenergy represents around 30% of the Brazilian energy matrix, and has a long track record reconciling biofuel production, food security and rural development. Much of what Brazil has done in the bioenergy area was accomplished by long-term policies and investment in research. In this context, BOEING, EMBRAER and FAPESP initiated this project to conduct a national assessment of the technological, economic and sustainability challenges and opportunities associated with the development and commercialization of sustainable biofuel for aviation in Brazil. UNICAMP was selected for the coordination of this study, with the charter to lead a highly qualified, multi-disciplinary research team.

Biofuels for Aviation: Feedstocks, Technology and Implementation presents the issues surrounding the research and use of biofuels for aviation, such as policy, markets, certification and performance requirements, life cycle assessment, and the economic and technical barriers to their full implementation. Readers involved in bioenergy and aviation sectors—research, planning, or policy making activities—will benefit from this thorough overview. The aviation industry's commitment to reducing GHG emissions along with increasing oil prices have sparked the need for renewable and affordable energy sources tailored to this sector's very specific needs. As jet engines cannot be readily electrified, turning to biofuels is the most viable option. However, aviation is a type of transportation for which traditional biofuels, such as bioethanol and biodiesel, do not fulfill key fuel requirements. Therefore, different solutions to this situation are being researched and tested around the globe, which makes navigating this scenario particularly challenging. This book guides readers through this intricate subject, bringing them up to speed with its current status and future prospects both from the academic and the industry point of view. Science and technology chapters delve into the technical aspects of the currently tested and the most promising technology in development, as well as their respective feedstocks and the use of additives as a way of adapting them to meet certain specifications. Conversion processes such as hydrotreatment, synthetic biology, pyrolysis, hydrothermal liquefaction and Fisher-Tropsch are explored and their results are assessed for current and future viability. - Presents the current status of biofuels for the aviation sector, including technologies that are currently in use and the most promising future technologies, their production processes and viability - Explains the requirements for certification and performance of aviation fuels and how that can be achieved by biofuels - Explores the economic and policy issues, as well as life cycle assessment, a comparative techno-economic analysis of promising technologies and a roadmap to the future - Explores conversion processes such as hydrotreatment, synthetic biology, pyrolysis, hydrothermal liquefaction and Fisher-Tropsch

The current upheaval in the energy sector, and the consequent potential implication for biofuels, have led the authors to write this book. The prime focus is Brazil whose historical experience has been, and continue to be, a source of inspiration worldwide. The book is aimed at a wide readership. It examines the key historical development of biofuels in Brazil, current and future. The book investigates these key developments in detail. The reader interested in biofuels and their wider implications, will be enriched by this unique experience. In a world where fossil fuels will, eventually, be phased out, biofuels represent a viable partial alternative in many countries. Biofuels represent a world of possibilities.

This comprehensive book approaches sustainability from two directions, the reduction of pollution and the maintaining of existing resources, both of which are addressed in a thorough examination of the main chemical processes and their impact. Divided into five sections, each introduced by a leading expert in the field, the book takes the reader through the various types of chemical processes, demonstrating how we must find ways to lower the environmental cost (of both pollution and contributions to climate change) of producing chemicals. Each section consists of several chapters, presenting the latest facts and opinion on the methodologies being adopted by the chemical industry to provide a more sustainable future. A follow-up to Materials for a Sustainable Future (Royal Society of Chemistry 2012), this book will appeal to the same broad readership - industrialists and investors; policy makers in local and central governments; students, teachers, scientists and engineers working in the field; and finally editors, journalists and the general public who need information on the increasingly popular concepts of sustainable living.

Known for his willingness to take on "difficult" cases, Sandór Ferenczi developed an original theory of traumatogenesis, based on the notion of disavowal (Verleugnung) of the unspeakable pain of the subject traumatized by the other, to whom he turns in search of testimony, recognition and reparation. His subtle understanding of the fact that psychic trauma causes the subject to identify with the aggressor, followed by a narcissistic split, indicated the need to rethink clinical practice according to a psychoanalytic ethic of care. Ferenczi developed an emphatic style that was not only the main inspiration for some of the later developments in Freud's conception of clinical practice, but was also significant for the work of authors such as Winnicott and Lacan, for whom the psychic work of the analyst is included in the process of working-through in analysis.

Sustainability of Methylic and Ethylic Biodiesel Production Routes: Social and Environmental Impacts via Multi-criteria and Principal Component Analyses using Brazilian Case Studies presents an innovative, quantitative methodology for the assessment of the social and environmental sustainability of methylic and ethylic production routes. Sections explain the key steps in assessing the social and environmental impacts of biofuel production chains, including an overview of biodiesel properties and its production chains, common metrics for environmental, social and economic impacts, explain sustainability indicator variabilities and detect similarities among different classes of sustainability indicators, and cover techno-economic considerations. Finally, several appendices provide readers with MATLAB codes for solving Principal Component Analysis and Multi-Criterial Sustainability Analysis problems in the context of biodiesel chains or in the context of agronomy and agronomics. This book is an invaluable reference for anyone working on biofuels and bioenergy, including scientific, technical, management, social, environmental and policy professionals. - Presents analytical methodologies for the sustainability assessment of biodiesel processes using case studies from the Brazilian biodiesel sector - Explains Multi-Criteria Sustainability Analysis for ranking technologies and producing chains in terms of environmental and social sustainability from large sets of indicators and statistics - Provides MATLAB-based examples of Principal Component Analysis and Multi-Criteria Analysis problems - Offers case studies from the second largest biodiesel chain in the world, Brazil