Information technology is the enabling foundation for all of human activity at the beginning of the 21st century, and advances in this area are crucial to all of us. These advances are taking place all over the world and can only be followed and perceived when researchers from all over the world assemble, and exchange their ideas in conferences such as the one presented in this proceedings volume regarding the 26th International Symposium on Computer and Information Systems, held at the Royal Society in London on 26th to 28th September 2011. Computer and Information Sciences II contains novel advances in the state of the art covering applied research in electrical and computer engineering and computer science, across the broad area of information technology. It provides access to the main innovative activities in research across the world, and points to the results obtained recently by some of the most active teams in both Europe and Asia.

This volume contains the proceedings of the 13th Colloquium on Trees in Algebra and Programming (CAAP '88), held in Nancy, March 21-24, 1988. The preceding 12 colloquia were held in France, Italy and Germany. CAAP '85 and CAAP '87 were integrated into the International Joint Conference on Theory and Practice of Software Development, TAPSOFT (see Lecture Notes in Computer Science volumes 185 and 249). As another effort to link theory and practice in computer science, CAAP '88 was held in conjunction with the European Symposium on Programming, ESOP '88 (see volume 300 of this Lecture Notes series). CAAP '88 is a conference in the area of program development and programming concepts but, following the tradition, is devoted to theoretical aspects, and especially to Trees, a basic structure of computer science. A wider range of topics in theoretical computer science is also covered. The papers are on word, tree or graph languages, with algorithmic or complexity studies, on abstract data types (another classical topic of CAAP) and/or term rewriting systems and on non-standard logics, and parallelism and concurrency.

This volume contains the 13 best of the 18 papers presented at the first MFDBS conference held in Dresden, GDR, January 19-23, 1987. A short summary of the two panel discussions is also included. The volume is intended to be a reflection of the current state of knowledge and a guide to further development in database theory. The main topics covered are: theoretical fundaments of the relational data model (dependency theory, design theory, null values, query processing, complexity theory), and of its extensions (graphical representations, NF2-models), conceptual modelling of distributed database management systems and the relationship between logic and databases.

The hierarchical decomposition of programs into smaller ones is generally considered imperative to master the complexity of large programs. The impact of this principle of program decomposition on the specification and verification of parallel executed programs is the subject of this monograph. Two important yardsticks for verification methods, those of compositionality and modularity, are made precise. The problem of reusing software is addressed by the introduction of the notion of specification adaptation. Within this context, different methods for specifying the observable behavior with respect to partial correctness of communicating processes are considered, and in particular the contrast between the "programs are predicates" and the "programs are predicate transformers" paradigms is shown. The associated formal proof systems are proven sound and complete in various senses with respect to the denotational semantics of the programming language, and they are related to each other to give an in-depth comparison between the different styles of program verification. The programming language TNP used here is near to actual languages like Occam. It combines CCS/CSP style communication based programming with state based programming, and allows dynamically expanding and shrinking networks of processes.