No scholar denies Mikhail S. Gorbachev's role in developing a new approach to Soviet socialism, but most writers emphasize the radical departure from traditional Soviet ideology that perestroika seemed to represent. This work presents perestroika as part of the continuum of European intellectual history. It examines the sources of Gorbachev's thinking and action in 19th-century thought, the development of Russian Marxism through the intellectual crisis at the turn of the 20th century, the pragmatic and philosophical challenges to the Marxist-Leninist paradigm, Stalinism and its critics, and reform Communism in post World War II Eastern Europe. Against this background, the book argues that the decline and fall of Soviet Communism was much more deeply connected with ideological issues than most scholars have realized. Bandelin presents fresh analyses of the impacts of major works and ideas, such as Lenin's Materialism and Empirio-Criticism, the neglected Marxian concept of the Asiatic mode of production, and the underlying relationship of East European reform Communism to perestroika. He analyzes the major intellectual trends of perestroika in terms of these and other currents. This study offers a perspective that challenges most of current scholarship on the issues it raises, suggests new avenues for research, and contributes to a broader overall understanding of the problems of Soviet socialism and Gorbachev's effort to solve them.

" . . . a comprehensive look at an enigmatic era . . . " —Choice "This provocative collection of essays certainly takes some of the polish off Soviet socialism's golden age." —Journal of Interdisciplinary History "The authors and editors of this splendid volume deserve great praise. Their work moves the field of Soviet history several large steps forward." —Slavic Review Lenin's New Economic Policy of the 1920s, although a relatively free and open potential alternative to Soviet communism, was also a time of extreme tension, as Russian society and culture were rocked by the forces of resistance and change. These essays examine the social and cultural dimensions of NEP in urban and rural Russia in the years before Stalin and rapid industrialization.

1. Introduction to Accounting, 2. Basic Accounting Terms or Terminology, 3. Theory Base of Accounting : Accounting Principles Fundamental Assumptions or Concepts, 4. Accounting Standards and IFRS, 5. Double Entry System, 6. Process and Bases of Accounting, 7. Origin of Transactions : Source Documents and Vouchers, 8. Accounting Equation, 9. Rules of Debit and Credit, 10. Recording of Business Transactions : Books of Original Entry-Journal, 10A. Accounting for Goods and Services Tax (GST), 11. Ledger, 12. Special Purpose (Subsidiary) Books (I) : Cash Book, 13. Special Purpose (Subsidiary) Books (II), 14. Bank Reconciliation Statement, 15. Trial Balance and Errors, 16. Depreciation, 17. Provisions and Reserves, 18. Accounting for Bills of Exchange, 19. Rectification of Errors, 20. Capital and Revenue Expenditures and Receipts, 21. Financial Statements/Final Accounts (Without Adjustment), 22. Final Accounts (With Adjustment), 23. Accounts from Incomplete Records or Single Entry System, Unit : Computer in Accounting 24. Introduction to Computer and Accounting Information System (AIS), 25. Applications of Computer in Accounting, 26. Accounting and Database System I Project Work II Appendix : Dictionary of Accounting

'Robust Design' brings together an eminent group of authors in a wide range of fields presenting aspects of robustness in biological, ecological and computational systems.

Indian Contract Act, 1872 1. Business (Mercantile) Law : An Introduction, 2. Indian Contract Act, 1872 : An Introduction, 3. Contract : Meaning, Definition and Characteristics of a Valid Contract, 4. Agreement : Meaning, Kinds and Difference, 5. Proposal (Offer), Acceptance Communication and Revocation, 6. Capacity of Parties to Contract or Parties Competency to Contract, 7. Free Consent, 8. Lawful Consideration and Objects, 9. Agreements Expressly Declared as Void, 10. Contingent Contracts, 11. Performance of Contracts and Appropriation of Payments, 12. Discharge of Contracts, 13. Quasi or Implied Contracts of Certain Relations Resembling those Created by Contracts (Sections 68 to 72), 14. Remedies for Breach of Contract, Special Contracts 15. Contract of Indemnity and Guarantee, 16. Contract of Bailment and Pledge, 17. Contracts of Agency, The Sale of Goods Act, 1930 18. The Sale of Goods Act, 1930 : An Introduction, 19. Conditions and Warranties, 20. Effects of the Contract of Sale—Transfer of Ownership and Title, 21. Performance of Contract of Sale, 22. Remedial Measures and Auction Sale, The Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 1. Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 : Introduction, 2. Parties to a Negotiable Instruments, 3. Negotiation, 4. Presentment and Dishonour of Negotiable Instruments, 5. Discharge of Negotiable Instruments, 6. Hundis, 7. Banker and Customer, The Consumer Protection Act, 1986 1. The Consumer Protection Act, 1986, Indian Partnership Act, 1932 1. An Introduction to Indian Partnership Act, 1932 [Section 1—8], 2. Partnership Deed or Mutual Relations of Partners [Sections 9—17], 3. Rights and Duties of Partners and Relation to Third Parties [Sections 18—29], 4. Kinds of Partners [Sections 31—38], 5. Dissolution of a Firm [Sections 39—55], 6. Registration of Partnership [Sections 56—72].