Meeting held July 2012 in Poznan, Poland.

It is over 70 years since two orthopedic surgeons invented the Milwaukee brace for the treatment of children with scoliosis. Since then, clinicians and researchers have been inspired to design ever more effective braces to correct 3-D spinal deformities. This book presents papers from the bi-annual meeting of the International Research Society of Spinal Deformities (IRSSD), held as a virtual event on 22 and 23 January 2021. The IRSSD concentrates on research into spinal deformity with clinical applications. In addition to 3D assessment of the spine, researchers also explore spinal biomechanics, etiopathogenesis, and innovative conservative and surgical therapies with the goal of integrating science with clinical care to improve patient care. The 2021 meeting was originally scheduled to take place in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA, but was instead held in a virtual format due to the Covid 19 pandemic. Despite this change, the meeting still allowed valuable interaction and open discussion among practitioners from around the world, and keynote speakers and authors contributed the 44 short papers and 47 abstracts included here. The papers are grouped under 17 chapter headings, and cover a wide range of topics, including biologic and biomechanical benchmarks, clinical evaluation, conservative treatments and surgical approaches. Diagnostic assessments and non-surgical treatments of EOS are also emphasized and elucidated. The book will be of interest to all those whose work is related to the treatment and care of patients with spinal deformities.

Study of Marker Placements in the Back for Opto-electronic Motion Analysis -- User Friendly Computer Profilometry -- Surgery is Performed for Cosmetic Reasons -- Surgery is Performed for Functional Improvements -- Session 4: 3D Imaging -- Evaluation of the Efficiency of Patient Stabilization Devices for 3D X-ray Reconstruction of the Spine and Rib Cage -- Semi-Automatic Landmark Detection in Digital X-Ray Images of the Spine -- Does Transverse Apex Coincide with Coronal Apex Levels (Regional or Global) in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis? -- Correlation Study between Indices Describing the Scoliotic Spine -- Simplified Calibration System for Stereoradiography in Scoliosis -- Rule-based Algorithm for Automated King-Type Classification of Idiopathic Scoliosis -- Augmented Reality in Spine Surgery. Critical Appraisal and Status of Development -- The Orientation of the Plane of MaximumDeformity of a Scoliotic Curve -- Modelling and Analysis of Vertebra Deformations with Spherical Harmonics -- Validation of the NSCP Technique on Scoliotic Vertebrae -- 3D Reconstruction and Analysis of the Vertebral Body Line -- 3D Reconstruction of the Pelvis Using the NSCP Technique -- Automatic Measurement of Scapula Position and Movement Using Rasterstereography -- Image Coding Technique for 3-D Back Reconstruction -- Ultra Low Dose X-ray Spinal Examinations -- Comparison of Rasterstereographs with MR Scans in Scoliotic Patients -- Session 5: 3D Location of the Rib Prominence and its Importance in the Treatment of Scoliotic Deformities -- 3D location of the Rib Prominence and its Importance in the Treatment of Scoliotic Deformities -- Session 6: Conservative Treatment -- Relationships between Strap Tension, Interface Pressures and Spine Correction in Brace Treatment of Scoliosis

Spinal osteotomy techniques have been dramatically applied as a standard method for severe and rigid spinal deformity. Although clinical results indicate that patients who undergo osteotomy procedures typically experience well deformity correction and ameliorate the clinical appearance, aggressive peri-operative risks and follow-up complications are not rare. More meticulous and standard indication selection, osteotomy plan design and complication prevention strategy and outcome evaluation are critically needed for surgeon majored in spine deformity. The book Spinal Osteotomy is divided into sections that focus on principles of spinal osteotomy, technical and case illustration and outcomes and complications as well as computer navigation and other latest techniques. Each section is heavily illustrated and clearly written for ease of understanding. Orthopedic surgeons, neurosurgeon residents and fellows who want to focus on spinal deformity correction will find this instructive and invaluable.

A who's who in this challenging field brings you state-of-the-art approaches to the full range of surgical management options-including reconstructive procedures-for the pediatric and adult patient with spinal deformity. Experts discuss the course of treatment for patients in different age groups and take into consideration the extent of the curve at the time of diagnosis and during follow-up, the patient's stage of bone growth, the amount of pain and deformity associated with the condition, and the patient's willingness and ability to withstand surgery. Plus, a section on general information such as practical surgical anatomy, imaging, applied biomechanics, and instrumentation helps you approach each patient more effectively. Emphasizes technical skills and surgical decision making, including pearls, pitfalls, and illustrative case studies, offering you expert advice on technically challenging surgeries. Provides the very latest information on minimally invasive endoscopic and mini-open approaches to broaden your surgical options and minimize post-operative complications. Discusses peri-operative considerations, including anesthesia, blood loss management, bone graft and fusion enhancement, neural monitoring, and complications, keeping you prepared for any event. Presents full-color line artwork of surgical procedures as well as diagnostic and clinical photographs for superb visual guidance. Offers a consistent format throughout and a full-color design for ease of reference.

Mid-term Effects of Isola Instrumentation on the Configuration of the Spine and the Thoracic Cage in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis

Covers the anatomy, etiology, and natural history of scoliosis - from patient evaluation and an algorithm for treatment to pulmonary function after surgical treatment and the use of instruments to evaluate surgical treatment. This new monograph focuses on the most common form of scoliosis occurring otherwise normal adolescents, affecting spinal alignment, growth, and function.