This book attempts for the first time a comparative literary history of Germany and the USA in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Its material does not come from the familiar overlaps of individual German and American writers, but from the work of the literary historians of the two countries after 1815, when American intellectuals took Germany as a model for their project to create an American national literature. The first part of the book examines fundamental structural affinities between the two literary histories and the common problems these caused, especially in questions of canon, realism, aesthetics and in the marginalization of popular and women’s writing. In the second part, significant figures whose work straddle the two literatures – from Sealsfield and Melville, Whitman and Thomas Mann to Nietzsche, Emerson and Bellow – are discussed in detail, and the arguments of the first part are shown in their relevance to understanding major writers. This book is not merely comparative in scope: it shows that only international comparison can explain the course of American literary history in the nineteenth and twentieth century. As recent developments in American Studies explore the multi-cultural and ‘hybrid’ nature of the American tradition, this book offers evidence of the dependencies which linked American and German national literary history.

Modernist literature at the end of the British empire challenges conventional notions of homeland, heritage, and community. Finalist of the MSA First Book Prize by The Modernist Studies Association The waning British empire left behind an abundance of material relics and an inventory of feelings not easily relinquished. In The Obsolete Empire, Philip Tsang brings together an unusual constellation of writers—Henry James, James Joyce, Doris Lessing, and V. S. Naipaul—to trace an aesthetics of frustrated attachment that emerged in the wake of imperial decline. Caught between an expansive Britishness and an exclusive Englishness, these writers explored what it meant to belong to an empire that did not belong to them. Thanks to their voracious reading of English fiction and poetry in their formative years, all of these writers experienced a richly textured world with which they deeply identified but from which they felt excluded. The literary England they imagined, frozen in time and out of place with the realities of imperial decline, in turn figures in their writings as a repository of unconsummated attachments, contradictory desires, and belated exchanges. Their works arrest the linear progression from colonial to postcolonial, from empire to nation, and from subject to citizen. Drawing on a rich body of scholarship on affect and temporality, Tsang demonstrates how the British empire endures as a structure of desire that outlived its political lifespan. By showing how literary reading sets in motion a tense interplay of intimacy and exclusion, Tsang investigates a unique mode of belonging arising from the predicament of being conscripted into a global empire but not desired as its proper citizen. Ultimately, The Obsolete Empire asks: What does it mean to be inside or outside any given culture? How do large-scale geopolitical changes play out at the level of cultural attachment and political belonging? How does literary reading establish or unsettle narratives of who we are? These questions preoccupied writers across Britain's former empire and continue to resonate today.

This guide steers students through significant critical responses to the Victorian novel from the end of the nineteenth century to the present day.

Christopher J. Knight’s Penelope Fitzgerald and the Consolation of Fiction is a study of the British author Penelope Fitzgerald (1916 – 2000), attending to her nine novels, especially as viewed through the lens both of "late style" (she published her first novel, The Golden Child, at age sixty) and, in her words, of "consolation, that is, for doubts and fears as well as for naked human loss." As in Shakespeare’s late, religiously inflected, romances, the two concerns coincide; and Fitzgerald’s ostensible comedies are marked by a clear experience of the tragic and the palpable sense of a world that verges on the edge of indifference to human loss. Yet Fitzgerald, her late age pessimism notwithstanding, seeks (with the aid of her own religious understandings), in each of her novels, to wrestle meaning, consolation and even comedy from circumstances not noticeably propitious. Or as she herself memorably spoke of her own "deepest convictions": "I can only say that however close I’ve come, by this time, to nothingness, I have remained true to my deepest convictions—I mean to the courage of those who are born to be defeated, the weaknesses of the strong, and the tragedy of misunderstandings and missed opportunities, which I have done my best to treat as a comedy, for otherwise how can we manage to bear it?" The recipient of Britain’s Booker Prize and America’s National Book Critics Circle Award, Penelope Fitzgerald’s reputation as a novelist, and author more generally, has grown, since her death, significantly, to the point that she is now widely judged one of Britain’s finest writers, comparable in worth to the likes of Jane Austen, George Eliot and Virginia Woolf.

A standard reference point in advanced discussions of how fictional form works, how authors make novels accessible, and how readers recreate texts. Its concepts and terms have become standard critical lexicon.

Caesar attempts to historicize the sustaining interplay between romanticism and travel writing, but also emphasizes that his understanding of American travel writing has more to do with narrative form, epistemology, and cultural inheritance than particular historical shapings

In his 1896 short story, The Figure in the Carpet, James sets forth a riddle for his critical readers as he approaches the major phase in his career. He imagines a fictional novelist, Hugh Vereker, who tantalizes his critics with the idea of a single thread, a design woven throughout all of his major works, hidden in plain sight. The design, Vereker says, is as obvious as a foot stuck in a shoe but the distinguished novelist is convinced no one will ever see it. One critic, Corvick, however, during a trip to India, has an astonishing flash of revelation: he sees the figure and the discovery is immense. When Corvick returns and shares his epiphany with Vereker, the novelist assures him that his discovery is precisely accurate; there is not a single, wrong note. But Corvick dies in a road accident before he can write his definitive book on Verekers secret design. My study will show the reader that there is a distinct figure in the carpet in the works of Henry James himself. But James only uses the figure in a select group of his major novels and tales, all six of which we will examine here. These major works are all experimental and radical and show James allowing himself the artistic freedom to follow his own arcane and personal path. The pattern is fully manifested in The Turn of the Screw in 1897 and remains the consistent thread all the way through the Masters final completed novel, The Golden Bowl, in 1904. I began writing about the relation of writing to painting and how James translates structural aspects of the silent art of painting into prose. James borrows both silence and simultaneity from the painter, his brother of the brush, and experiments with their narrative equivalents. I saw with increasing clarity that James admiration of the powers of painting led him into depicting nonverbal aspects of consciousness in language. Finally I saw the whole system lock into place; everything fit. The figure in the carpet was revealed as visible silence. With only a minute adjustment of focus I suddenly saw that James narrative pictorial structure that I had been tracing all these years constitutes the figure in the carpet itself. The pictorial pattern literally governs every line, and chooses every word.. James brings the reader into the full consciousness of his character by taking us into the silent radiation of the visible. As readers we experience the silence before language, the silence between words, and the silence after language. In this book I will show my reader how the figure in the carpet operates as the controlling design in every square inch of text in each of James most famous novels and tales.