Rapid Virus Diagnosis: Application of Immunofluorescence presents developments in immunofluorescence as a technique for the diagnosis of virus infections. It discusses the effective and rapid methods for the diagnosis of virus infections. It addresses the application of fluorescent antibody techniques to the diagnosis and the investigation of virus infections and the assessment of their value both to the clinician and to the virologist. Some of the topics covered in the book are the fluorescence microscopy; nature of fluorescence; filter systems; transmitted light microscopy; interference filters for transmitted light microscopy; lamp centration and alignment of microscope; contrast-fluorescence condensers; photomicrography; and choice of microscope. The culture of viruses for production of antiserum is fully covered. The selection of cell lines or tissues for virus culture is discussed in detail. The text describes in depth the fluorescent antibody staining techniques. The preparation of specimens from respiratory infections is presented completely. A chapter is devoted to the respiratory syncytial virus. Another section focuses on the analysis influenza virus, paramyxoviruses, and picornaviruses. The book can provide useful information to doctors, virologists, students, and researchers.

This generously illustrated book, the fourth edition of the highly acclaimed Diagnostic Virology, is a handbook for the recognition and characterization of virus-induced cellular changes seen by light microscopy, as well as virus morphology seen by electron microscopy. The authors cover all aspects of the subject, from specimen collection and laboratory safety to virus isolation and identification and cell culture. This edition includes a new chapter on the human retroviruses, especially relevant since the onset of the AIDS epidemic, and expands the chapters on the arboviruses and hepatitis viruses.

The traditional approach to diagnosis of virus infectians by isolation of the causative virus is usually both slow and expensive. More recently, the emphasis has been on the direct detection of viruses or viral antigens in clinical specimens. This can be done using established techniques such as immunofluorescence or electron microscopy, or by newly developed biochemical methods. The purpose of this meeting was to review these and other developments in the laboratory diagnosis of virus infections. We would like to thank all those who contributed to the success of this meeting. In particular, we are grateful to the CEC for financial sponsorship, to Professor C. Dow, Director of the Veterinary Research Laboratories, for help in organising the meeting, and to Miss B. Hamilton for her excellent typing of the manuscripts. M S McNulty J B McFerran VII CONTENTS Page Preface V VIRAL DIAGNOSIS BY TIMMUNOFLUORESCENCE P. S. Gardner APPLICATIONS OF IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE IN VETERINARY VIRAL DIAGNOSIS M. S. McNulty and G. M. Allan 15 TAGGING OF VIRAL ANTIGENS USING IMMUNOPEROXIDASE . AND IMMUNOOOLD TEGINlQUES R. Ducatelle, F. Castryck and J. Hoorens 27 DETECTION OF BVD VIRUS IN VlRAEMIC CATTLE BY AN INDIRECT IMMUNOPEROXIDASE TEGINIQUE A. Meyling 37 VIRAL DIAGNOSIS BY ELECTRON MICROSCOPY J. D. Almeida 47 CAPTURE ASSAYS FOR THE DETECTION OF VIRUS-SPECIFIC IgM ANTIBODY R. S. Tedder 60 DETECTION . AND IDENTIFICATION OF PAPILLOMAVIRUSES IN BENIGN . AND MALIGNANT 'TIlmJRS OF CATTLE M. S. Campo 72 DETECTION OF VIRAL NUCLEIC ACIDS IN CELL CULTURES .

Rapid progress in molecular biology, genetic engineering, and basic research in immunology has opened up new possibilities for application to diagnostic procedures and to clinical research. In a short period a new era of diagnosis dawned, covering nearly all fields of microbiology, immunology, and food technology. In consequence of this rapid development, scientists of many disciplines are involved studying infections of humans, animals, and plants or working in technical microbiology. The application of the newest findings of basic research to diagnostic work and to clinical research covers nearly all fields of microbiology and immunology. Moreover, it underlines the close relationship between diagnosis, therapy, and epidemiology. An outstanding example of these connections is given by the recent development of hepatitis B vaccine. The discovery and identification of a non cultivable agent by physicochemical and immunological methods were the heralds of a new era in the prevention of infectious diseases. This book provides an up-to-date, comprehensive review of developments and future aspects in various fields. I am convinced that the authors have succeeded in furnishing a large variety of new ideas and possibilities. K.-O. HABERMEHL Contents Time Realities in the Evaluation of Vaccines for Safety and Efficacy The Evaluation of Vaccines M. R. HILLEMAN . . . . .

The book Coronavirus Therapeutics Volume I provides the most comprehensive review on contemporary knowledge on the origin and structural biology and molecular aspects of Coronaviruses. This also describes the etiology and pathogeny and therapeutic targets including vaccine drug candidates against Coronaviruses in the light of current scientific knowledge. Using an integrative approach to the understanding of Coronaviruses structure, function and immunobiology, the contributors provide a synopsis of novel mechanisms by which Coronaviruses can be treated. Key basic and clinical research laboratories from major universities, academic medical hospitals, biotechnology and pharmaceutical laboratories around the world have contributed articles that review present research activity on the role of heat shock proteins in human diseases and importantly project the field into the future. The book is a must read for graduate students. medical students, basic science researchers and postdoctoral scholars in the fields of Cancer Biology, Oncology, Cardiovascular Diseases, Microbiology, Inflammation, Translational Medicine, Clinical Research, Biotechnology, Cell & Molecular Medicine, Pharmaceutical Scientists and Researchers involved in Drug Discovery.

Analyses for naturally occurring biological substances or administered materials have been with us for many years. These were usually based on the physical or chemical characteristics of the substances to be measured. However in recent years there has been an explosion of interest in analytical methods which made use of the high specificity and sensitivity of im munological reactions. These methods can be very simple in terms of technical procedures and can usually be performed on minute samples of biological fluids - factors which have ensured their ready acceptance in most laboratories. Recently there have been numerous meetings on technical aspects of particular immunoassays and on their application in specific diseases. We felt however that the time was ripe for an 'overview' of the whole field. To this end a conference on 'Immunoassays for the 80s' was held at the Zoological Society of London in 1980, and this book is largely based on that meeting. Both the immunoassay techniques and their numerous applications were discussed and are dealt with at length in this volume. The editors wish to thank all the contributors for their chapters and to acknowledge the debt they owe to Jean Ryan (NLCM) without whose organization and assistance this volume would not have been completed. A.V., D.B., A.B.

In recent years, advanced molecular techniques in diagnostic microbiology have been revolutionizing the practice of clinical microbiology in the hospital setting. Molecular diagnostic testing in general and nucleic acid-based amplification methods in particular have been heralded as diagnostic tools for the new millennium. This third edition covers not only the most recent updates and advances, but details newly invented omic techniques, such as next generation sequencing. It is divided into two distinct volumes, with Volume 1 describing the techniques, and Volume 2 addressing their applications in the field. In addition, both volumes focus more so on the clinical relevance of the test results generated by these techniques than previous editions.