Protein bioseparation is an important yet expensive activity especially in biotechnology industry. The production of protein is growth along with rapid commercialization and demand. Unfortunately, the industry having problem in term of cost and the production as the cost is extremely high but the production rate is low. The most effective way to solve this problem is by using membrane as the medium of separation. In this study, the effects for different mode of operations of ultrafiltration membranes - batch, single stage and two stages forward cascade. Amersham Quick Lab cross flow system was used to separate lysozyme by using 30 kDa polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes. For this research, the lysozyme is obtained from the cheapest source which is chicken egg white solution. Lysozyme is a very important protein in pharmaceutical field in order to produce a vaccine to prevent bacteria that inhabit the intestinal tract. In order to determine the most efficient configurations, the constant parameters are set for all configurations. The value of pH must be 10, the transmembrane pressure (TMP) is 1.0 bar, and the volume feed is 960 ml with the ratio of chicken egg white to sodium chloride 0.2 M is 1:31. The effective configuration can be determined by comparing the permeate flux, concentration of lysozyme in both permeate and retentate solution at 5 minutes after the separation process occurred and measurement of water flux. The analysis procedure is done using the UV-VIS spectrometer at wave length equal to 595 nm. The most effective configuration is two stages forward cascade which has the highest average permeate flux of 74.4 L/m2.h. Moreover, it also has percentage for concentration of lysozyme in permeate solution equal to 84% which is the biggest percentage of all configurations and the lowest value of water flux measurement after separation process compare to the benchmark value at TMP equal to 1.0 bar. The second configuration then is single stage and followed by batch at third place.

Ultrafiltration (UF) is a pressure-driven separation process in which membranes are used for a broad variety of applications, ranging from the processing of biological macromolecules to wastewater treatment. It has significant advantages over competing separation technologies. Food and biotechnological applications of UF account for nearly 40 percent of the current total usage. In the case of high value therapeutic protein and DNA products, the separation and purification costs can be as high as 80 percent of the total cost of production. Therefore, it makes economic sense to develop cost-effective and scaleable purification processes for such products. UF is used for protein concentration, protein desalting and protein fractionation (such as protein-protein separation). Concentration and desalting processes are technologically less demanding and have been widely used in the bioprocess industry for quite some time. Protein fractionation, on the other hand, is a challenging proposition and is definitely a more recent development. This text focuses primarily on protein fractionation.

The unique functional properties of different whey proteins and increasing use of these purified proteins as ingredients in food formulations have motivated researchers to develop new methods of purification. Ultrafiltration has been in use for years in the dairy industry mainly to concentrate whey to obtain whey protein concentrate and to produce whey protein isolate by further desalting or diafiltration of the concentrate. However, ultrafiltration is not able to fractionate individual proteins from whey. That is because current ultrafiltration membranes separate proteins based on differences in size only. The size difference between the whey proteins is not large enough to fractionate the proteins. The overall objective of the present research was to develop charged ultrafiltration membranes for the fractionation of whey proteins. The premise of the research is that although the different whey proteins do not differ greatly in molecular weight, the isoelectric points are markedly different. This allows the membrane charge and protein charge to be carefully controlled to increase the selectivity of the fractionation. Furthermore, use of multistage configurations with recycling of the selected streams increases the purity and the recovery of the desired protein. In this study, uncharged and positively charged cross-flow ultrafiltration membranes having a 300 or 30 kDa molecular weight cut-off were used in one, two and three stage configurations to fractionate glycomacropeptide (GMP) from other whey proteins. Sieving coefficients (permeability of the membrane to the protein), concentrations, purities and recoveries of the proteins were experimentally determined. Using sieving coefficients of the proteins in two different mass balance models, concentrations, purities and recoveries of the proteins were calculated and compared with the experimental results. In conclusion, using positively charged membranes in stage configurations was successful in fractionation of GMP. Purity and recovery were altered using different flow configurations and membranes having different molecular weight cut offs. Calculations obtained from two mass balance models were in close agreement with the experimental results. These mass balance models can be used to design different ultrafiltration systems with different stage configurations.

The chapters of this book are based upon lectures presented at the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Membrane Processes in Separation and Purification (March 21 - April 2, 1993, Curia, Portugal), organized as a successor and update to a similar Institute that took place 10 years ago (p.M.Bungay, H.K. Lonsdale, M.N. de Pinho (Eds.): Synthetic Membranes: Science, Engineering and Applications, NATO ASI Series, Reidel, Dordrecht, 1986). The decade between the two NATO Institutes witnesses the transition from individually researched membrane processes to an applied and established membrane separation technology, as is reflected by the contents of the corresponding proceeding volumes. By and large, the first volume presents itself as a textbook on membrane processes, still valid, while the present volume focuses on areas of separation need as amenable to membrane processing: Biotechnology and Environmental Technology. Accordingly, the contributions to this volume are grouped into "Membranes in Biotechnology" (11 papers), "Membranes in Environmental Technology" (6 papers), and "New Concepts" (4 papers). This is followed by one contribution each on "Energy Requirements" and "Education", i.e., membrane processes within an academic curriculum. The book thus amounts to a state of the art of applied membrane processing and may well augment the more fundamental approach of its predecessor.

Since sterile filtration and purification steps are becoming more prevalent and critical within medicinal drug manufacturing, the third edition of Filtration and Purification in the Biopharmaceutical Industry greatly expands its focus with extensive new material on the critical role of purification and advances in filtration science and technology. It provides state-of-the-science information on all aspects of bioprocessing including the current methods, processes, technologies and equipment. It also covers industry standards and regulatory requirements for the pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industries. The book is an essential, comprehensive source for all involved in filtration and purification practices, training and compliance. It describes such technologies as viral retentive filters, membrane chromatography, downstream processing, cell harvesting, and sterile filtration. Features: Addresses recent biotechnology-related processes and advanced technologies such as viral retentive filters, membrane chromatography, downstream processing, cell harvesting, and sterile filtration of medium, buffer and end product Presents detailed updates on the latest FDA and EMA regulatory requirements involving filtration and purification practices, as well as discussions on best practises in filter integrity testing Describes current industry quality standards and validation requirements and provides guidance for compliance, not just from an end-user perspective, but also supplier requirement It discusses the advantages of single-use process technologies and the qualification needs Sterilizing grade filtration qualification and process validation is presented in detail to gain the understanding of the regulatory needs The book has been compilated by highly experienced contributors in the field of pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical processing. Each specific topic has been thoroughly examined by a subject matter expert.

Chapter 1: Principles on membrane and membrane processes -- Chapter 2: Ultrafiltration -- Chapter 3: Microfiltration -- Chapter 4: Virus Filtration -- Chapter 5: Membrane chromatography -- Chapter 6: Membranes for the Preparation of Emulsions and Particles -- Chapter 7: Other Membrane Processes -- Chapter 8: Some Perspectives.