Master the basic principles of pharmacology and safe medication administration with Clayton's Basic Pharmacology for Nurses, 18th Edition. Known for its impeccably accurate and up-to-date drug content, this best-selling text consistently underscores medication safety as it guides you in applying pharmacology information to the nursing process. Introductory units acquaint you with the basic principles of pharmacology and medication administration, while subsequent body-system units prepare you to apply the nursing process to every major disorder. Clear guidelines cover safe drug handling, the types of drugs used for disorders or to affect body systems, injection and enteral administration, and patient education. From a respected author team, this full-color text also provides an excellent review for the pharmacology questions on the NCLEX® examination. - Medication safety is underscored through Medication Safety Alerts and Clinical Pitfall boxes, as well as Do-Not-Confuse and High Alert icons. - Unit on medication administration clearly and visually outlines assessment, techniques, procedures, and documentation for safe administration of percutaneous, enteral, and parenteral drugs. - Application of the nursing process offers an overview of general principles of nursing care for each disorder as well as specific nursing considerations for the drug treatment. - Lifespan Considerations boxes for children and for older adults draw attention to information that would be especially important when giving a specific drug to patients of those age groups. - Drug tables clearly outline generic and brand names, availability, and dosage ranges for key medications for each disorder. - Clinical Goldmine boxes focus on best practices in the clinical setting. - Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! section at the end of each chapter covers key points from the chapter as well as review questions to help prepare for course assessments and the NCLEX Examination. - Video clips on medication administration procedures provide a visual reference for safe medication administration. - Key terms with phonetic pronunciations and text page references are listed at the beginning of each chapter. - NEW! Chapter on Neurodegenerative Disorders covers drugs for dementia and Alzheimer's Disease. - NEW! Updated guidelines on diabetes, heart failure, asthma, COPD, and cancer ensure readers are versed in the latest treatment protocols. - NEW! Accurate and up-to-date coverage includes the most recent FDA approvals, withdrawals, therapeutic uses, and content on cultural considerations related to each drug class.

An explosive increase in the knowledge of the effects of chemical and physical agents on biological systems has led to an increased understanding of normal cellular functions and the consequences of their perturbations. The 14-volume Second Edition of Comprehensive Toxicology has been revised and updated to reflect new advances in toxicology research, including content by some of the leading researchers in the field. It remains the premier resource for toxicologists in academia, medicine, and corporations. Comprehensive Toxicology Second Edition provides a unique organ-systems structure that allows the user to explore the toxic effects of various substances on each human system, aiding in providing diagnoses and proving essential in situations where the toxic substance is unknown but its effects on a system are obvious. Comprehensive Toxicology Second Edition is the most complete and valuable toxicology work available to researchers today. Contents updated and revised to reflect developments in toxicology research Organized with a unique organ-system approach Features full color throughout Available electronically on sciencedirect.com, as well as in a limited-edition print version

Basic Pharmacology for Nurses is a modern classic. Known for its impeccably accurate drug content and practical applications of the nursing process, this trusted text consistently emphasizes health promotion through monitoring and patient education. Introductory units ground your knowledge in the basic principles of pharmacology and medication administration, while subsequent body-system units prepare you to apply the nursing process to every major disorder. UNIQUE! Two-tiered application of the nursing process provides the general principles of care, along with specific nursing implications for each drug class or individual drug. Meticulously accurate and updated drug content keeps the book in step with the latest FDA approvals, withdrawals, and changes in therapeutic uses. UNIQUE! Introduction to Cardiovascular Disease and Metabolic Syndrome sets the stage for an understanding of the progression of cardiovascular disease and the pharmacologic treatment of that progression. UNIQUE! Patient Teaching boxes equip you for health teaching related to medications. LPN Threads design presents information in an easy to understand and visually engaging manner. NEW! Increased emphasis on medication safety prepares you for a clinical environment that is more focused than ever on reducing drug errors. NEW! Updated and added coverage keeps you up to date with the latest information on genetics, pharmacogenomics, and racial/gender factors in drug actions.

This presentation describes various aspects of the regulation of tissue oxygenation, including the roles of the circulatory system, respiratory system, and blood, the carrier of oxygen within these components of the cardiorespiratory system. The respiratory system takes oxygen from the atmosphere and transports it by diffusion from the air in the alveoli to the blood flowing through the pulmonary capillaries. The cardiovascular system then moves the oxygenated blood from the heart to the microcirculation of the various organs by convection, where oxygen is released from hemoglobin in the red blood cells and moves to the parenchymal cells of each tissue by diffusion. Oxygen that has diffused into cells is then utilized in the mitochondria to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of all cells. The mitochondria are able to produce ATP until the oxygen tension or PO2 on the cell surface falls to a critical level of about 4–5 mm Hg. Thus, in order to meet the energetic needs of cells, it is important to maintain a continuous supply of oxygen to the mitochondria at or above the critical PO2 . In order to accomplish this desired outcome, the cardiorespiratory system, including the blood, must be capable of regulation to ensure survival of all tissues under a wide range of circumstances. The purpose of this presentation is to provide basic information about the operation and regulation of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, as well as the properties of the blood and parenchymal cells, so that a fundamental understanding of the regulation of tissue oxygenation is achieved.

This report considers the biological and behavioral mechanisms that may underlie the pathogenicity of tobacco smoke. Many Surgeon General's reports have considered research findings on mechanisms in assessing the biological plausibility of associations observed in epidemiologic studies. Mechanisms of disease are important because they may provide plausibility, which is one of the guideline criteria for assessing evidence on causation. This report specifically reviews the evidence on the potential mechanisms by which smoking causes diseases and considers whether a mechanism is likely to be operative in the production of human disease by tobacco smoke. This evidence is relevant to understanding how smoking causes disease, to identifying those who may be particularly susceptible, and to assessing the potential risks of tobacco products.