During the past few years or so, the development of steady state sources of negative hydrogen or deuterium ions has made a substantial progress. There are several approaches under investigation, some operating with long pulses and some in a true steady state, and delivering H− or D− beam currents of several hundred mA up to 1 A. The improvement in the gas efficiency from a few percent for pulsed sources to the range of 5% to 15% and possibly even higher for the new sources, is another advance that was not anticipated only 4 to 5 years ago. A higher gas efficiency has come as the result of using independent plasma generation and geometrical focusing of surface produced negative ions. The power efficiency has not been changed so much, but, in a high energy system, savings of a few kW/A are less important than the reduction of the gas load. It can be expected that within five or so years a small (

This book describes the development of sources of negative ions and their application in science and industry. It describes the physical foundations and implementation of the key methods of negative ion production and control, such as charge exchange, thermionic emission, secondary emission (sputtering) and surface-plasma sources, as well as the history of their development. Following on from this essential foundational material, the book goes on to explore transport of negative ion beams, and beam-plasma instabilities. With exposition accessible at the graduate level, and a comprehensive bibliography, this book will appeal to all students and researchers whose work concerns ion sources and their applications to accelerators, beam physics, storage rings, cyclotrons, and plasma traps.

Invited Papers Repr. from Fusion Engineering and Design, Vol. 11, Nos. 1 &