Fourth in a series of proceedings of symposia on wildland shrubs, this publication brings together current knowledge of interactions between plants and herbivores. Topics addressed by the 31 papers include plant chemistry, palatability, nutrition and physiology, herbivore foraging behavior, and plant response to browsing.

This volume is a compilation of the proceedings of the second international conference on cognitive technology, held in 1997.

This is an open access book. The ICATEAS 2022 event is organized by the Aviation Polytechnic of Surabaya, a college under the Ministry of Transportation, Republic of Indonesia. This is a program to provide an opportunity for researchers to be able to present the results of their thoughts and publish them on international proceedings. The publication is very important for academics to develop careers and to develop knowledge in general.