Future galactic supernovae will provide an extremely long baseline for studying the properties and interactions of neutrinos. In this paper, we discuss the possibility of using such an event to constrain (or discover) the effects of exotic physics in scenarios that are not currently constrained and are not accessible with reactor or solar neutrino experiments. In particular, we focus on the cases of neutrino decay and quantum decoherence. We calculate the expected signal from a core-collapse supernova in both current and future water Cerenkov, scintillating, and liquid argon detectors, and find that such observations will be capable of distinguishing between many of these scenarios. Additionally, future detectors will be capable of making strong, model-independent conclusions by examining events associated with a galactic supernova's neutronization burst.

This book introduces the reader to how fundamental topics in particle physics can be studied with the largest neutrino telescopes currently in operation. Due to their large size, reaching cubic-kilometer volumes, and their wide energy response, these unusual detectors can provide insight on neutrino oscillations, dark matter searches or searches for exotic particles, new neutrino interactions or extra dimensions, among many other topics.Lacking a man-made neutrino 'beam', neutrino telescopes use the copious flux of neutrinos continuously produced by cosmic rays interacting in the Earth's atmosphere, as well as neutrinos from astrophysical origin. They have therefore access to neutrinos of higher energies and much longer baselines than those produced in present accelerators, being able to search for new physics at complementary scales than currently available in particle physics laboratories around the world.Written by carefully chosen experts in the field, the book introduces each topic in a pedagogical way apt not only to professionals, but also to students or the interested reader with a background in physics.

Traditionally, collider experiments have been the primary tool used in searching for particle physics beyond the Standard Model. In this talk, I will discuss alternative approaches for exploring exotic physics scenarios using high energy and ultra-high energy cosmic neutrinos. Such neutrinos can be used to study interactions at energies higher, and over baselines longer, than those accessible to colliders. In this way, neutrino astronomy can provide a window into fundamental physics which is highly complementary to collider techniques. I will discuss the role of neutrino astronomy in fundamental physics, considering the use of such techniques in studying several specific scenarios including low scale gravity models, Standard Model electroweak instanton induced interactions, decaying neutrinos and quantum decoherence.

This book deals with the interdisciplinary areas of nuclear physics, supernovae and neutron star physics. It addresses the physics and astrophysics of the spectacular supernova explosions, starting with the collapse of massive stars and ending with the birth of neutron stars or black holes. Recent progress in the understanding of core collapse supernova (CCSN) and observational aspects of future detections of neutrinos from CCSN explosions are discussed. The other main focus in this text is the novel phases of dense nuclear matter, its compositions and equation of state (EoS) from low to very high baryon density relevant to supernovae and neutron stars. The multi-messenger astrophysics of binary neutron star merger GW170817 and its relation to EoS through tidal deformability are also presented in detail. The synthesis of elements heavier than iron in the supernova and neutron star environment by the rapid (r)-process are treated here with special emphasis on the nucleosynthesis in the ejected material from GW170817. This monograph is written for graduate students and researchers in the field of nuclear astrophysics.

Supernova remnants (SNRs) offer the means to study supernovae (SNe) -- the explosions of stars at the end of their lifetimes -- long after the original explosion and provide a unique insight into the mechanisms that govern these energetic events. In particular, the deviations from spherical symmetry observed in many SNRs can be compared to predictions from recent 3D simulations to further our understanding of SN physics. In this dissertation, I use archival data from the Chandra, XMM-Newton, and ROSAT telescopes to study the X-ray emitting material within supernova remnants to help constrain the physics of SN explosions and SNR expansion. I begin by investigating the relationship between bulk ejecta asymmetries and neutron star (NS) kick velocities in a sample of 18 SNRs. NSs -- the compact objects leftover from certain types of SNe -- have been observed to be kicked to hundreds of km/s velocities, thought to result from a conservation of momentum-like process with either asymmetric ejecta or anisotropic neutrinos emission. I measure SNR asymmetries using the power-ratio method (PRM; a multipole expansion technique) and compare these asymmetries to the kick velocity of each remnant's neutron star. Although I find no correlation between the magnitude of power-ratios and NS kick velocities, I do find that NSs preferentially move opposite the bulk of ejecta in 5 out of the 6 SNRs with robust NS velocity measurements. This result is consistent with the theory that NS kicks are a consequence of ejecta asymmetries as opposed to anisotropic neutrino emission. I then examine the morphologies of individual elements in the youngest known core-collapse (CC) SNR in the Milky Way, Cassiopeia~A. The same asymmetric explosion mechanisms that generate NS kicks should also affect the distributions of elements synthesized in explosion. I apply the PRM to maps of individual element emission and find that the NS in Cas~A is kicked in a direction opposite to the heaviest elements (e.g., Ar, Ca, Ti, and Fe) and these elements exhibit more asymmetric morphologies than lighter elements (e.g., O, Si, S). These results further support the theories that asymmetric explosion mechanisms are an important component in this SNR explosion, and that NS kicks arise from interactions with the ejecta. Subsequently, I turn to investigating the presence and location of recombining plasma in the SNR W49B. Recombining plasma is overionized -- the ions are in higher ionization states than the electron temperature would suggest -- and is thought to result from rapid cooling of electrons through either adiabatic expansion into a low-density medium or thermal conduction with dense gas. I perform a spatially-resolved spectroscopic study of {\it XMM-Newton} data across 46 regions and find that recombining plasma is present throughout the entire SNR, with increasing overionization from east to west. Notably, in contrast with past works, I do find evidence of overionized plasma in the east where the SNR is interacting with dense molecular cloud material, suggesting a thermal conduction origin. I determine that small-scale thermal conduction with small ($\lesssim$1~pc) embedded, dense clouds is a plausible origin for rapid cooling in these regions. In the future, I will continue to study X-ray ejecta emission in SNRs in order to constrain SNe explosion mechanisms and progenitor scenarios. I will expand my thesis work, using newer X-ray observations to obtain a larger sample of NS kick velocities and SNRs. In addition, I plan to systematically measure the abundances of elements in a large sample of SNRs, comparing these results to the predictions of 3D SNe models. In particular, I will make use of upcoming X-ray telescopes that will have much improved spectral resolution, using these observations to generate precise spectral fits to more accurately measure precise plasma properties in X-ray SNR spectra.

In this essential, Claus Grupen discusses astroparticle physics in a short historical outline and describes the latest results without going into mathematical detail. As an introduction to this new field of research, he gives an overview of what happens in the sky, between stars and between galaxies. By now, many things are quite well understood, but with every solution found, new questions arise - the author also deals with this spectrum of questions with some answers. Today, astroparticle physics is an active, interdisciplinary field of research that includes and combines astronomy, cosmic rays and elementary particle physics. This Springer essential is a translation of the original German 1st edition essentials, Neutrinos, Dunkle Materie und Co. by Claus Grupen, published by Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, part of Springer Nature in 2021.The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence (machine translation by the service DeepL.com). A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content, so that the book will read stylistically differently from a conventional translation. Springer Nature works continuously to further the development of tools for the production of books and on the related technologies to support the authors