Abstract: Small, polyfunctionalized heterocycles have attracted significant attention in the design of biologically active compounds in the drug discovery enterprise. Research in the area of combinatorial synthesis employing heterocycles as scaffolds for library development has become very prominent. Pyridine-containing heterocycles, such as tetrahydronaphthyridines, have been shown to possess a variety of biologic activities. Previous work in our group developed an inverse-electron-demand Diets-Alder (IEDDA) strategy to prepare the 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,5-naphthyridines, however, the preparation of the other tetrahydronaphthyridine analogues could not be achieved via this IEDDA strategy. Thus, metal-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] cyclizations between a nitrite and two alkynes were investigated in both intermolecular and intramolecular reactions, which have the potential to prepare all the tetrahydronaphthyridine isomers. To determine optimal conditions, different transition metals (Co, Zr, Ni, Ir, Ru, and Au), as well as reaction conditions (thermal heating, photochemical activation, and microwave irradiation) were screened. The best results were achieved when CpCo(CO) 2 was employed as catalyst, under microwave irradiation in chlorobenzene. Using the optimized microwave-promoted conditions, the intermolecular cyclizations between amino alkynyl nitriles and alkynes gave the desired 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,6-naphthyridines in modest yields, while the intramolecular cyclizations of dialkynyl aminonitrile precursors afforded dihydropyran ring-fused tetrahydronaphthyridines in excellent yields. Finally, a heterocyclic natural product, naringenin, was investigated for its suitability as a library scaffold. Belonging to the flavonone class, naringenin is characterized by the rigid tricyclic benzopyran core with three phenols at C-5, C-7 and C-4' positions. Recent epidemiological studies showed increasing evidence for the anticancer and antiatherogenic properties of this natural product. Its rigid, densely functionalized tricyclic scaffold is an attractive structure for discovering novel bioactive molecules. Thus, suitable chemistries were explored on these scaffolds in an effort to define regioselective transformations of the phenolic groups through palladium catalyzed cross-coupling chemistry which could be applied to library development.

This book comprehensively covers the mechanisms of action and inhibitor design for HIV-1 integrase. It serves as a resource for scientists facing challenging drug design issues and researchers in antiviral drug discovery. Despite numerous review articles and isolated book chapters dealing with HIV-1 integrase, there has not been a single source for those working to devise anti-AIDS drugs against this promising target. But this book fills that gap and offers a valuable introduction to the field for the interdisciplinary scientists who will need to work together to design drugs that target HIV-1 integrase.

The book presents a succinct summary of methods for the synthesis and biological activities of various different-sized bioactive heterocycles using different green chemistry synthetic methodologies, like microwave, ultrasonic, water mediated, ionic liquids, etc. The book also provides an insight of how green chemistry techniques are specific to the bioactive heterocyclic compounds.

This book reviews the fundamental aspects of quinoxaline chemistry: synthesis, reactions, mechanisms, structure, properties, and uses. The first four chapters present a survey of the developments in quinoxaline chemistry since the publication of the monograph on “Condensed Pyrazines” by Cheeseman and Cookson in 1979. These chapters give comprehensive coverage of all the methods of the synthesis of quinoxalines and the important quinoxaline-containing ring systems such as thiazolo[3,4-a]-, pyrrolo[1,2-a]-, and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines. Chapter five describes many new methods for the construction of quinoxaline macrocycles, which are important in applications such as optical devices and materials. The final chapter reviews all previously known rearrangements of heterocyclic systems that lead to benzimidazole derivatives. Mamedov critically analyses these transformations to reveal a novel acid-catalyzed rearrangement of quinoxalinones giving 2-heteroarylbenzimidazoles and 1-heteroarylbenzimidazolones in the presence of nucleophilic reactants (MAMEDOV Heterocycle Rearrangement). This book is of interest to researchers in the fields of heterocyclic and synthetic organic chemistry.

Filling the gap in the market for comprehensive coverage of this hot topic, this timely book covers a wide range of organic transformations, e. g. reductions of unsaturated compounds, oxidation reactions, Friedel-Crafts reactions, hydroamination reactions, depolymerizations, transformations of carbon dioxide, oxidative coupling reactions, as well as C-C, C-N, and C-O bond formation reactions. A chapter on the application of zinc catalysts in total synthesis is also included. With its aim of stimulating further research and discussion in the field, this is a valuable reference for professionals in academia and industry wishing to learn about the latest developments.

Provides a one-volume overall picture of the largest of the classical divisions of organic chemistry, suitable for the graduate or advanced undergraduate student, as well as for research workers, both specialists in the field and those engaged in another discipline and requiring knowledge of heterocyclic chemistry. It represents Volume 9 of Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry and utilizes the general chapters which appear in the 8-volume work. The highly systematic coverage given to the subject makes this the most authoritative one-volume account of modern heterocyclic chemistry available.

The efficacy of isocyanide reactions in the synthesis of natural or naturallike products has resulted in a renaissance of isocyanide chemistry. Now isocyanides are widely used in different branches of organic, inorganic, coordination, combinatorial and medicinal chemistry. This invaluable reference is the only book to cover the topic in such depth, presenting all aspects of synthetic isonitrile chemistry. The highly experienced and internationally renowned editor has brought together an equally distinguished team of authors who cover multicomponent reactions, isonitriles in total synthesis, isonitriles in polymer chemistry and much more.