In the history of capitalism, there is a consensus in the literature that the 1980swas a turning point. According to many heterodox social scientists, the criticaldevelopment that provides this turning point is that capitalism has enteredthe financialization process. This period that started after 1980 is called‘Financialized capitalism.’ This period’s most important characteristic featureis that the capital accumulation mechanism shifted gravity from the industrialsector to the financial field. In the heterodox political economy, much literatureon financialization has emerged over the past fifteen years. However, it stilldoes not have a single definition agreed upon. Unfortunately, a compositefinancialization index measuring the level of multi-dimensional financializationfor different countries has not yet been found in the literature. In this book,first of all, the financialization literature of Neo-Marxist and Post-Keynesianpolitical economy approaches has been scanned, and four dimensions offinancialization have been determined. These are the financialization of thenational economy, the financial sector, non-financial firms, and households. Inthis context, to measure financialization, a panel data set covering 22 variablesthat can represent the four dimensions of financialization, OECD countries,and the period between 1995-2018 was created. The OECD averages of eachvariable were found through this data set, and their long-term developmentswere analyzed. In addition, the behavior of each variable before, during, andafter the 2008 Global Crisis caused by financialization was also evaluated.As a result of the analyzes made, it has been seen that these variables aresuitable for the creation of a composite financialization index. Our greatestwish is that this book will be helpful to students in fields such as economics,political science, international relations, sociology, and researchers who aimto measure financialization.

Income inequality is a serious problem confronting not only the developed world but also developing countries. Recently, financialization has been one of the culprits identified in literature as one of the cause of income inequality. This book offers the only detailed presentation of the how financialization aided the spread of income inequality in Organization of Islamic Cooperation, OIC countries. Finance has taking a center stage in the affairs of most developing economies, surpassing the real sector of the economy. The result is the creation of an indebted society in which people are comfortable with financing their financial needs through credit. This creates a debt laden society that is trapped in the cycle of debt. This book represents a comprehensive and indispensable source for students, practitioners and the general public at large. It presents data which shows the buildup of debt and the rising income inequality in Muslim countries. It includes discussion of the rise in rentier income, financialization of everyday life, decline in physical capital accumulation and deregulation of the financial sector. The book therefore, proffers solutions on how Muslim countries can come out of the present economic problem facing them. The promotion and adoption of Islamic principles, which promotes risk sharing based contracts as against debt based transaction is the way to go. When financial contracts are based on the principles of risk sharing, any gains from economic activities get to be shared equitably. Hence, not only capital owners get to enjoy the benefit from the income derived from investments, but rather, all parties that partake in the contract. Distinguished by its clarity and readability as it is written in a very easy to understand language, it is an important reference work for any concerned individual interested on the recent causes of income inequality in Muslim World.

This publication provides a detailed description of the sources and methods used by OECD member countries in calculating the monetary aggregates, credit and other measures of domestic finance presented in Main Economic Indicators.

This edition of the OECD Sovereign Borrowing Outlook reviews developments in response to the COVID-19 pandemic for government borrowing needs, funding conditions and funding strategies in the OECD area.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and other statistics based on national income accounting are ubiquitous but rarely understood today. GDP has been criticized for many reasons, including not reflecting well-being, leaving out the costs of environmental pollution, and not counting unpaid work, but on purely economic terms it has been mostly accepted as an indicator of economic performance. In recent decades, however, GDP has diverged dramatically from economic trends such as employment and median income. This book argues that GDP is flawed even as a narrow economic indicator, and traces the problem to the way financial services are measured. The first part of the book is a political history of the practice of national accounting from its beginning in the mid-17th century to present day, and explores how such income estimates were constructed for political reasons. The Financialization of GDP presents the practice of estimating national income as a historically and political contingent craft - driven by power and not only theory - culminating in the rise of the financial sector and the concomitant inclusion of financial services in GDP in 1993.. The second part of the book focuses on the treatment of financial services in national accounting and develops an adjusted measure of output (Final Domestic Product or FDP) – which treats financial revenues as intermediate inputs (or costs) to the economy as a whole. The final part of the book explores the empirical and policy implications of treating finance as an overall cost to the economy. This volume shows that the Great Moderation of volatility was a statistical artefact; Okun’s Law (relating changes in output and unemployment) never died, and even provides early signs for the Great Recession which analysts using standard GDP did not see. This book is of great interest to those who study political economy and macroeconomics.

Looking decades ahead into the future, many informed observers see China moving steadily to the top of the world's economic league. Several sources, including the OECD, forecast that the country will be the world's largest economy by 2020. China's urban economy has been the driving force behind the country's recent trends of accelerated growth. By the same token, deterioration in the urban centers could constrain future growth. The Dynamics of Urban Growth in Three Chinese Cities looks at the interplay between geography, size, and industrial structure that determines the industrial vigor of cities. Their conclusions, abundantly illustrated through the experience of the Chinese cities of Shanghai, Tianjin, and Guangzhou, is that each of these factors must be made to work for the city through effective policymaking. The authors compare these cities with each other in the context of the changes sweeping China's economy, review their history and their reform programs from the early 1980s to the mid-1990s, and examine their infrastructure and human capital. The volume includes maps of the cities and their outlying areas and of China's road and rail system, as well as figures depicting the industrial structure of each city. Published for the World Bank by Oxford University Press.

The final section offers ideas for policy responses, including capital controls and securities transaction taxes."--BOOK JACKET.