Policies Affecting Fertility and Contraceptive Use
Title | Policies Affecting Fertility and Contraceptive Use PDF eBook |
Author | Susan Scribner |
Publisher | World Bank Publications |
Pages | 108 |
Release | 1995 |
Genre | Social Science |
ISBN | 9780821329948 |
World Bank Technical Paper No. 272. Public examinations in developing countries play a critical role in the selection of students for participation in the educational system. The exams dictate what is taught, how it is taught, and what is and is not learned. They are academic, have little reference to the everyday lives of the students, are limited to pencil-and-paper tests, and are biased toward high-achievers. Thus, students who leave school at an early stage are provided with inadequate opportunities for acquiring relevant knowledge and skills. This study identifies practices associated with examinations that may create inequities for some students. These include scoring procedures, the use of culturally inappropriate questions, fee requirements, private tutoring, exams in a language unfamiliar to the student, and a variety of malpractices. Quota systems that deal with differences in performance associated with location, ethnicity, or language group membership also creates inequities for some students. The report concludes that the limited available evidence does not indicate that examinations create inequities between genders and that ranking schools on the basis of students' examination performance may not provide a fair assessment of the work of schools.
Recent Fertility Trends in Sub-Saharan Africa
Title | Recent Fertility Trends in Sub-Saharan Africa PDF eBook |
Author | National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine |
Publisher | National Academies Press |
Pages | 89 |
Release | 2016-03-18 |
Genre | Social Science |
ISBN | 0309381193 |
Fertility rates and population growth influence economic development. The marked declines in fertility seen in some developing nations have been accompanied by slowing population growth, which in turn provided a window of opportunity for rapid economic growth. For many sub-Saharan African nations, this window has not yet opened because fertility rates have not declined as rapidly there as elsewhere. Fertility rates in many sub-Saharan African countries are high: the total rate for the region is estimated to be 5.1 births per woman, and rates that had begun to decline in many countries in the region have stalled. High rates of fertility in these countries are likely to contribute to continued rapid population growth: the United Nations projects that the region's population will increase by 1.2 billion by 2050, the highest growth among the regions for which there are projections. In June 2015, the Committee on Population organized a workshop to explore fertility trends and the factors that have influenced them. The workshop committee was asked to explore history and trends related to fertility, proximate determinants and other influences, the status and impact of family planning programs, and prospects for further reducing fertility rates. This study will help donors, researchers, and policy makers better understand the factors that may explain the slow pace of fertility decline in this region, and develop methods to improve family planning in sub-Saharan Africa.
Desired Fertility and the Impact of Population Policies
Title | Desired Fertility and the Impact of Population Policies PDF eBook |
Author | Lant Pritchett |
Publisher | World Bank Publications |
Pages | 95 |
Release | 1994 |
Genre | Birth control |
ISBN |
The Global Family Planning Revolution
Title | The Global Family Planning Revolution PDF eBook |
Author | Warren C. Robinson |
Publisher | World Bank Publications |
Pages | 496 |
Release | 2007 |
Genre | Political Science |
ISBN | 0821369520 |
The striking upsurge in population growth rates in developing countries at the close of World War II gained force during the next decade. From the 1950s to the 1970s, scholars and advocacy groups publicized the trend and drew troubling conclusions about its economic and ecological implications. Private educational and philanthropic organizations, government, and international organizations joined in the struggle to reduce fertility. Three decades later this movement has seen changes beyond anyone's most optimistic dreams, and global demographic stabilization is expected in this century. The Global Family Planning Revolution preserves the remarkable record of this success. Its editors and authors offer more than a historical record. They disccuss important lessons for current and future initiatives of the international community. Some programs succeeded while others initially failed, and the analyses provide valuable guidance for emerging health-related policy objectives and responses to global challenges.
Contraceptive Use and Controlled Fertility
Title | Contraceptive Use and Controlled Fertility PDF eBook |
Author | National Research Council |
Publisher | National Academies Press |
Pages | 172 |
Release | 1989-02-01 |
Genre | Medical |
ISBN | 0309040965 |
These four papers supplement the book Contraception and Reproduction: Health Consequences for Women and Children in the Developing World by bringing together data and analyses that would otherwise be difficult to obtain in a single source. The topics addressed are an analysis of the relationship between maternal mortality and changing reproductive patterns; the risks and benefits of contraception; the effects of changing reproductive patterns on infant health; and the psychosocial consequences to women of controlled fertility and contraceptive use.
World Fertility and Family Planning 2020: Highlights
Title | World Fertility and Family Planning 2020: Highlights PDF eBook |
Author | United Nations |
Publisher | |
Pages | 40 |
Release | 2021-01-06 |
Genre | Political Science |
ISBN | 9789211483215 |
The main contents are key findings and messages regarding the relationship between contraceptive use and fertility, for 195 countries or areas of the world. These highlights will draw mainly from World Population Prospects 2019, and model-based estimates and projections of family planning indicators 2019. Policy-related implications of and responses to trends in family planning and fertility will be integrated throughout the text. In particular, these issues are of relevance for contextualizing Sustainable Development Goals 3.7.1. and 3.7.2. and the achievement of the 2030 Agenda.
Diffusion Processes and Fertility Transition
Title | Diffusion Processes and Fertility Transition PDF eBook |
Author | National Research Council |
Publisher | National Academies Press |
Pages | 286 |
Release | 2001-12-15 |
Genre | Social Science |
ISBN | 0309076102 |
This volume is part of an effort to review what is known about the determinants of fertility transition in developing countries and to identify lessons that might lead to policies aimed at lowering fertility. It addresses the roles of diffusion processes, ideational change, social networks, and mass communications in changing behavior and values, especially as related to childbearing. A new body of empirical research is currently emerging from studies of social networks in Asia (Thailand, Taiwan, Korea), Latin America (Costa Rica), and Sub-Saharan Africa (Kenya, Malawi, Ghana). Given the potential significance of social interactions to the design of effective family planning programs in high-fertility settings, efforts to synthesize this emerging body of literature are clearly important.