Parasitism is a tight association between species in which one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside the host, causing it harm, and is structurally adapted to this way of life. Until the twenty-first century, parasitism was studied by parasitologists, rather than ecologists or evolutionary biologists. Today, parasitism is a major element of evolutionary ecology, as nearly all free-living animals are hosts to at least one parasite species. Since it is in the parasite's evolutionary interest for its host to flourish, long-term coevolution can lead to a stable relationship bordering on mutualism. According to Lynn Margulis, when resources are scarce, natural selection, moves relationships from parasitism to mutualism, as it was brilliantly illustrated in Margulis' endosymbiosis theory, where eukaryotic mitochondria and chloroplasts descended from formerly free-living prokaryotes. Boundary between mutualism, symbiosis, and pathological parasitism is a thin red line that frequently overlapping without a theory enough clear to explain this thigh relationship between the parasite and its host.

This carefully edited collection has been designed and formatted to the highest digital standards and adjusted for readability on all devices. Contents: Introduction The Last American Frontier – History of the 'Far West', of the Pioneers & Trailblazers Story of the Cowboy Story of the Outlaw Novels & Stories Riders of the Purple Sage Saga (Zane Grey) Ohio River Trilogy Dan Barry Series (Max Brand) The Virginian (Owen Wister) Lin McLean Leatherstocking Series (James F. Cooper) Flying U Series (B. M. Bower) Cabin Fever Rimrock Trail (J. Allan Dunn) Bucky O'Connor (William M. Raine) Breckinridge Elkins Series (Robert E. Howard) In a Hollow of the Hills (Bret Harte) Wolf Hunters (James Oliver Curwood) Gold Hunters Last of the Plainsmen Border Legion Smoke Bellew Country Beyond Lone Star Ranger Ronicky Doone Trilogy Riders of the Silences Three Partners Man of the Forest Lure of the Dim Trails Tennessee's Partner Covered Wagon (Emerson Hough) Luck of Roaring Camp Rustlers of Pecos County Pike Bearfield Series Hopalong Cassidy (Clarence E. Mulford) O Pioneers! (Willa Cather) My Ántonia Roughing It (Mark Twain) Outcasts of Poker Flat Call of the Wild (Jack London) Heart of the West (O. Henry) White Fang Log of a Cowboy (Andy Adams) Two-Gun Man (Charles Alden Seltzer) Short Cut (Jackson Gregory) Astoria (Washington Irving) Ungava (R.M. Ballantyne) Valley of Silent Men Black Jack Bull Hunter "Drag" Harlan (Charles Alden Seltzer) Wyoming: A Story of the Outdoor West Sheriff's Son Whispering Smith (Frank H. Spearman) A Texas Cow Boy (Charles Siringo) Boss of the Lazy Y Trail Horde Rider of Golden Bar (William P. White) Buck Peters, Ranchman Tangled Trail Golden Dream (Ballantyne) Gun-Brand (James B. Hendryx) Blue Hotel (Stephen Crane) Long Shadow Girl from Montana (Grace Livingston Hill) Hidden Children (Robert W. Chambers) Where the Trail Divides Iron Trail (Rex Beach) Desert Trail (Dane Coolidge)...

Bacteria are among the earliest forms of life on Earth. Notwithstanding their small size and primitive origin, bacteria still have a tremendous impact on everyday human life. Over the centuries, research into bacteria have provided and enriched the fundamental biological knowledge due to their readily measured processes and effects on higher organisms. Although molecular genetics and microbiology were among the scientific fields that have mostly benefited from the discoveries made in bacteria, our current state of knowledge has gone beyond what anyone could have ever imagined. The present Research Topic aims to cover new and exciting broad aspects of the importance of bacteria to human life, both positive and negative influences. Regulation of bacterial gene expression, replication and segregation control mechanisms, cell to cell communication via quorum sensors, and the relatively recent finding of bacterial immunity via CRISPR, have led to the development of many, and very important new tools in biotechnology and the emerging field of molecular medicine. The battle against infectious diseases has also benefited from the genetic approaches that have been developed in the quest for finding new targets and novel drugs against pathogenic bacteria. At the next level, the human microbiome project has opened up new avenues in understanding the role of bacteria in human health and wellbeing. Finally, the relationship between bacterial infections and human cancers will also be covered, a subject that is still under verification through rigorous experimental approaches. Special emphasis will be given to the bacterial accessory genome, i.e the mobilome, as the primary cause of health-threatening antimicrobial resistance and the production of toxins and virulence factors. Taking into account the evolutionary importance of horizontal gene transfer and the additional beneficial roles of certain bacterial mobile genetic elements, they help project best “the Good, the Bad and the Ugly” outline of this topic. At the time this eBook is about to be published, our Research Topic has registered nearly 55, 000 views.

This is the authoritative resource on IBS. In this easy to read book you will discover what actually causes IBS; how to find the cause of your own symptoms; how to treat your symptoms; and where to go for help. If you have IBS, constipation, diarrhea, gas, bloating, indigestion, or chronic abdominal pain, there is a logical reason for your suffering. Written by Dr. Stephen Wangen, the founder of the IBS Treatment Center, this book explains how your symptoms can be cured. You do not need to eat more fiber; take medications or supplements for the rest of your life; or wonder if you are too stressed. You can actually live your life completely free of IBS and this book will help you discover how.

The good, the bad, the ugly.

This book primarily focuses on microbial colonization, its role in plant growth and nutrient cycling, mycorrhizae, and providing an overview of phytospheric microorganisms in sustainable crop systems. Despite the advances made in the study of plant-microbe synergism, the relation between microbes and plant health in the context of food security, soil nutrient management, human and plant health is still largely unexplored. Addressing that gap, the book presents reviews and original research articles that highlight the latest discoveries in plant probiotics, their specificity, diversity and function. Additional sections addressing nutrient management, human health, and plant microbiome management to improve plant productivity round out the coverage.