The variability that wind adds to the system requires the activation or deactivation of additional operating reserves. This paper provides a high-level international comparison of methods and key results from both operating practice and integration analysis, based on the work in International Energy Agency IEA WIND Task 25 on Large-scale Wind Integration. The paper concludes with an assessment of the common themes and important differences, along with recent emerging trends.

The growth of wind power as an electrical power generation resource has produced great benefits with reductions in emissions and the supply of zero cost fuel. It also has created challenges for the operation of power systems arising from the increased variability and uncertainty it has introduced. A number of studies have been performed over the past decade to analyze the operational impacts that can occur at high penetrations of wind. One of the most crucial impacts is the amount of incremental operating reserves required due to the variability and uncertainty of wind generation. This paper describes different assumptions and methods utilized to calculate the amount of different types of reserves carried, and how these methods have evolved as more studies have been performed.

This essential book examines the main problems of wind power integration and guides the reader through a number of the most recent solutions based on current research and operational experience of wind power integration.

5.3 Simulation scenario based on 195 MW of positive power reserve -- 5.4 Simulation scenario based on 265 MW of positive power reserve -- 5.5 Potential power reserve provision with wind power in Germany during 2009 -- 5.6 Summary chapter 5 -- 6. Capability of wind farm clusters to provide power reserve -- 6.1 Project "Integration großer Offshore-Windparks in elektrische Versorgungssysteme"--6.1.1 Project description and main objectives -- 6.1.2 Project partners -- 6.1.3 Test scenario -- 6.1.4 Positive power reserve tests in the wind farm cluster"Bertikow" -- 6.1.5 Results of the project -- 6.2 Project "Wind on the Grid" -- 6.2.1 Project description and main objectives -- 6.2.2 Project partners -- 6.2.3 Control strategies development -- 6.2.4 Test scenario in Portugal (REN) -- 6.2.5 Electrical characteristics of the tested wind farm clusters -- 6.2.6 Description of the active power limitation tests in Portugal -- 6.2.7 Analysis of active power control tests in Portugal -- 6.2.8 Results of the project -- 6.3 Summary of chapter 6 -- 7. Conclusions and recommendations for further research -- 7.1 Conclusions -- 7.2 Recommendations for further research -- 8. Acknowledgments -- Appendix -- Appendix I: Project support for the thesis -- Appendix II: Wind Farm Cluster Management System (WCMS) -- Appendix III: Pre-qualification rules for wind farms -- Appendix IV: Economical consideration of providing power reserve with wind power -- Appendix V: References -- List of tables -- List of equations -- List of references -- List of Acronyms and Abbreviations -- Back cover

During the past few years, there has been significant interest in alternative ways to manage power systems over a larger effective electrical footprint. Large regional transmission organizations in the Eastern Interconnection have effectively consolidated balancing areas, achieving significant economies of scale that result in a reduction in required reserves. Conversely, in the WesternInterconnection there are many balancing areas, which will result in challenges if there is significant wind and solar energy development in the region. A recent proposal to the Western Electricity Coordinating Council suggests a regional energy imbalance service (EIS). To evaluate this EIS, a number of analyses are in process or are planned. This paper describes one part of an analysis of theEIS's implication on operating reserves under several alternative scenarios of the market footprint and participation. We improve on the operating reserves method utilized in the Eastern Wind Integration and Transmission Study and apply this modified approach to data from the Western Wind and Solar Integration Study.