Geography and Trade
Title | Geography and Trade PDF eBook |
Author | Paul Krugman |
Publisher | MIT Press |
Pages | 160 |
Release | 1992-11-13 |
Genre | Business & Economics |
ISBN | 9780262610865 |
"I have spent my whole professional life as an international economist thinking and writing about economic geography, without being aware of it," begins Paul Krugman in the readable and anecdotal style that has become a hallmark of his writings. Krugman observes that his own shortcomings in ignoring economic geography have been shared by many professional economists, primarily because of the lack of explanatory models. In Geography and Trade he provides a stimulating synthesis of ideas in the literature and describes new models for implementing a study of economic geography that could change the nature of the field. Economic theory usually assumes away distance. Krugman argues that it is time to put it back - that the location of production in space is a key issue both within and between nations.
On the Geography of Trade
Title | On the Geography of Trade PDF eBook |
Author | Céline Carrere |
Publisher | World Bank Publications |
Pages | 63 |
Release | 2004 |
Genre | Commerce |
ISBN |
It has been widely argued that, with the decline in trade costs (e.g., transport and communication costs), the importance of distance has declined over time. This paper examines the evolution of the geographic profile of countries' trade by studying the evolution of their distance of trade (DOT) in 1962-2000. The paper find that the DOT falls over time for the average country in the world, and that the number of countries with declining DOT is close to double those with increasing DOT. Thus, distance seems to have become more important over time for a majority of countries. The paper examines various hypotheses in order to explain the evolution of the DOT. One of the conclusions is that its evolution is unrelated to that of the overall level of trade costs but depends on the relative evolution of its components. We also examine the impact on the DOT of changes in production costs, customs costs, domestic transport costs, of air relative to land and ocean transport costs, of competition, exchange rate policy, regional integration, uneven growth, counter-season trade, and "just-in-time inventory management." The paper also offers some insights into how these changes may affect the home bias in consumption and the border effect.
World Trade Since 1431
Title | World Trade Since 1431 PDF eBook |
Author | Peter J. Hugill |
Publisher | JHU Press |
Pages | 406 |
Release | 1993 |
Genre | Business & Economics |
ISBN | 9780801851261 |
In 1431 the Portuguese navigator Velho set sail into the Atlantic, establishing a trade route to the Azores and marking the beginning of commerce with the West as we know it today. Equipped with reliable maps and instruments for open-ocean navigation and highly sea-worthy, three-masted, cannon-armed ships, Portugal soon dominated the Atlantic trade routes - until the diffusion of Portuguese technologies to wealthier polities made Holland the eventual successor, owing to its geographic position and its immense commercial fleet.
Development, Geography, and Economic Theory
Title | Development, Geography, and Economic Theory PDF eBook |
Author | Paul R. Krugman |
Publisher | MIT Press |
Pages | 132 |
Release | 1997 |
Genre | Business & Economics |
ISBN | 9780262611350 |
Krugman examines the course of economic geography and development theory to shed light on the nature of economic inquiry.
The Internal Geography of Trade
Title | The Internal Geography of Trade PDF eBook |
Author | Thomas Farole |
Publisher | World Bank Publications |
Pages | 302 |
Release | 2013-05-03 |
Genre | Business & Economics |
ISBN | 0821398938 |
Economic theory, including endogenous growth, the role of institutions, and, most importantly, the New Economic Geography (NEG), have made significant progress in explaining the emergence of core-periphery patterns behind this divergence. They point to the critical role of agglomeration, which confers benefits to metropolitan cores that have the advantages of large markets, deep labor pools, links to international markets, and clusters of diverse suppliers and institutions. Regions relatively near the metropolitan core are likely to benefit from spillovers and congestion-related dispersion. Regions further outside the core however, are not only less able to take advantage of spillovers, but also more likely to be far removed from key infrastructural, institutional, and interpersonal links to regional and international markets. As a result, they face significant challenges to becoming competitive locations to host economic activity. Thus the geographical pattern of core and peripheral regions is increasingly manifest in an economic pattern of 'leading' and 'lagging' regions.
Value and Unequal Exchange in International Trade
Title | Value and Unequal Exchange in International Trade PDF eBook |
Author | Andrea Ricci |
Publisher | Routledge |
Pages | 242 |
Release | 2021-05-20 |
Genre | Business & Economics |
ISBN | 1000388220 |
Contrary to the claims made by neoliberal governments and mainstream academics, this book argues that the huge increase in trade in recent decades has not made the world a fairer place: instead, the age of globalization has become a time of mass migration caused by increasing global inequality. The theory of unequal exchange challenges the free trade doctrine, claiming that transfers of value from poorer to richer countries are hidden behind apparently equivalent market transactions. Following a critical review of the existing approaches, the book proposes a general theory of unequal exchange in the light of an innovative reconstruction of Marx’s international law of value, in which money and exchange rates play a crucial role in decoupling value captured from value produced by different countries, even in perfectly competitive world markets. On this theoretical basis, the book provides an empirical analysis of the international transfers of value in both traditional trade and Global Value Chains. The resulting world mapping of unequal exchange shows the geographical hierarchy of capital global exploitation by revealing a world divided into two quite separate camps of donor and receiving countries, the former being the poorer countries and the latter the richer countries. This book is addressed to scholars and students of economics and social sciences, as well as activists of the North and the South, interested in a better understanding of the asymmetric power relations implied in global trade. It makes a significant contribution to the literature on political economy, trade, Marxism, international relations, and economic geography.
Geographical Disadvantage
Title | Geographical Disadvantage PDF eBook |
Author | Anthony Venables |
Publisher | World Bank Publications |
Pages | 38 |
Release | 1999 |
Genre | Benchmark |
ISBN |
"What effect does distance have on costs for economies at different locations? Exports and imports of final and intermediate goods bear transport costs that increase with distance. Production and trade depend on factor endowments and factor intensities as well as on distance and the transport intensities of different goods"--Cover.