This book provides a review covering the basics of marine research, special topics, and emerging areas in fields of oceanography and marine biology. It is intended for researchers and students in all fields of marine science.

Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review considers basic areas of marine research, returning to them when appropriate in future volumes, and deals with subjects of special and topical importance in the field of marine biology. The thirty-seventh volume follows closely the objectives and style of the earlier well received volumes, contin

Manuscripts continue to be submitted to this series of Annual Reviews. Thedesire to publish in it must reflect its importance and value to marine scientists ingeneral. Many experts are still willing, and even anxious, to accept invitations tocontribute articles. This is all very gratifying to me as the editor and to thepublishers; it ensures the continuation of the Series.As always, it is a pleasure to acknowledge the help of all the contributors andtheir willingness to accede to editorial requests. I am especially grateful for thehelp and advice of many colleagues including, in particular, Drs A.D.Ansell, R.N.Gibson. and T.H.Pearson

Interest in oceanography and marine biology and its relevance to global environmental issues continues to increase, creating a demand for authoritative reviews that summarize recent research. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review has catered to this demand since its foundation, by the late Harold Barnes, more than 40 years ago. It is an

Interest in oceanography and marine biology and the relevance of those fields to global environmental issues creates a demand for authoritative reviews that summarize recent research. Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review has catered to this demand since its foundation, by the late Harold Barnes, more than 35 years ago. It is an annual

Interest in oceanography and marine biology and its relevance to global environmental issues continues to increase, creating a demand for authoritative reviews that summarize recent research. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review has catered to this demand since its foundation, by the late Harold Barnes, more than 40 years ago. It is an