The one-dimensional steam injection simulator, developed in part I of thiswork to track the movement of the steam front as it progresses through aone-dimensional core, is extended to two dimensions. Tha technique forhandling a dynamic grid, and the block-balance method used to develop thefinite-difference approximation to the governing equations, boundary conditions, and matching conditions (at tha steam front) are described inconsidera are presented forthe two-dimensional simulation. An extensive survey of ehe open literaturedescribing the physical properties of the Cold lake heavy oil dgposit,required for the numerical simulation of the oil recovery process, was alsocarried out. Tables of reported propeties are provided in the report, andvalues considered representative are summarized.

Thermal enhanced oil recovery techniques have been considered as the best approach to produce heavy oil; however, hybrid methods, which are combinations of different oil recovery methods, reveal more promise in enhancing oil production from heavy and viscose reservoirs. In this research, we investigate improving recovery from heavy oil reservoirs, considering steam foam method to control the mobility of steam and oil in such reservoirs, and delivering proper amount of heat to reservoir in order to reduce oil viscosity. In this thesis, a compositional K-value based reservoir simulator, CMG-STARS, was used to build simulation models for all case studies. Steam table is used to calculate the phase change during steam injection and to capture latent heat effect on energy balance and mass balance equations. CMG-STARS empirical foam model is used to capture mobility of steam in the presence of surfactant. Simulation models are tuned with experimental core data and field history data. Simulation results illustrated that a considerable increase in oil recovery is obtained when steam foam is used. It is also observed that foam parameters, which was used in modeling, affects oil recovery, reservoir average temperature, average pressure and gas saturation. Optimized foam parameters were determined considering oil recovery, average reservoir temperature, and average reservoir pressure. Finally, simulations revealed that field and simulation results were in good agreement with field data, and that steam foam oil recovery method has the potential to become a promising oil recovery method for heavy oil reservoirs.

United States, Canada and Venezuela have the largest reserves of heavy oil and bitumen resources throughout the world. Economically challenged market is the major issue associated with the extraction and production of these resources. Steam - Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) is one of the most successful extraction techniques used in the recovery of heavy oil and oil sand reserves. But the high cost of operations has made its application prone to decline with oil prices. In-Situ Combustion (ISC) is a proven method of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) for reservoirs where either waterflooding or other EOR process are not very appealing. Oxygen has a higher energy density to react with bitumen when compared to steam on an equivalent volume basis. A hybrid method of steam and oxygen injection has a great potential in bitumen recovery. This method system shall increase the energy efficiency of the steam injection process by greatly reducing steam-oil ratio and overall operational cost. Detailed oil recovery mechanisms of co-injection are not understood very well due to the complex interactions between bitumen, steam and oxygen. In this research, the co-injection of steam and enriched air was simulated by using a pseudo component scheme, derived using Belgrave's Model. The behaviors and effects of co-injection on the detailed history matching parameters like temperature and oil production are thoroughly examined. Numerical simulation studies were performed to assess the competence of the co-injection of steam and enriched air over SAGD in recovery of heavy oil. CMG STARS was used in developing a numerical simulation models for the combustion tube test. Temperature profile and combustion front velocity were matched with the experimental results, of the steam - enriched air co-injection, to confirm that combustion kinetics were replicated correctly. A comparative analysis was performed between the pure steam injection against steam and enriched air coinjection in a one-dimensional combustion tube experiment model. The results showed that the cumulative production and the recovery factor were increased by a factor of 100% for the steam-enriched co-injection method when compared to pure steam injection. The results also show that the cumulative steam-oil ratio (cSOR) was reduced by a factor of 50% for the steam-enriched co-injection method. The kinetic model was investigated by varying reservoir properties to evaluate the possibility of being used in different reservoir environments. The sensitivity analysis on the processes was performed to evaluate the effects of the grid size, initial oil saturation, steam quality, steam injection rate, porosity, viscosity, and steam to air injection ratio. Sensitivity analysis was also conducted for the chemical reaction model by changing the frequency factor, activation energy and rate of reaction to indicate which parameter/ reaction is the most controlling factors in the process of combustion. The numerical model was upscaled to examine the kinetics and sustainability of the combustion front movement in a homogeneous Athabasca reservoir. The results for the hybrid process. were promising since the total oil recovery was increased by the factor of 40% and the cSOR was reduced by 35% when compared to conventional SAGD.