Normalization in Translation: Corpus-based Diachronic Research into Twentieth-century English–Chinese Fictional Translation provides a comprehensive description of translation norms in two different historical contexts in twentieth-century China. Drawing on a corpus methodology, this book adopts a socio-historical approach to translation studies from a diachronic perspective, comparing translated and non-translated fictional texts from two historical periods to systematically explore the variation of normalization across time, and to highlight the social significance of translation activities by contextualizing the research results. The book includes detailed discussions of diachronic corpus construction, linguistic manifestations of normalization, changes in translation norms, and socio-cultural constraints for these changes. It expands the scope of previous studies and shows how translation studies can benefit from the use of a corpus methodology by providing an explanation, not simply a description, of how changes in translation behavior have come about. This book will be of interest to students on courses in translation and intercultural studies, as well as researchers interested in the areas of translation studies, corpus linguistics and contrastive studies of English and Chinese.

Normalization in Translation: Corpus-based Diachronic Research into Twentieth-century Englishâ "Chinese Fictional Translation provides a comprehensive description of translation norms in two different historical contexts in twentieth-century China. Drawing on a corpus methodology, this book adopts a socio-historical approach to translation studies from a diachronic perspective, comparing translated and non-translated fictional texts from two historical periods to systematically explore the variation of normalization across time, and to highlight the social significance of translation activities by contextualizing the research results. The book includes detailed discussions of diachronic corpus construction, linguistic manifestations of normalization, changes in translation norms, and socio-cultural constraints for these changes. It expands the scope of previous studies and shows how translation studies can benefit from the use of a corpus methodology by providing an explanation, not simply a description, of how changes in translation behavior have come about. This book will be of interest to students on courses in translation and intercultural studies, as well as researchers interested in the areas of translation studies, corpus linguistics and contrastive studies of English and Chinese.

The search for general laws and regularities in Translation Studies gained new momentum in the 1990s when Baker (1993) promoted the use of large electronic corpora as research tools for exploring the linguistic features that render the language of translation different from the language of non-translated texts. By comparing a corpus of translated and non-translated English texts, Baker and her research team put forward the hypothesis that translated texts are characterized by some “universal features”, namely simplification, explicitation, normalization and levelling-out. The purpose of this study is to test whether simplification, explicitation and normalization apply to Italian translations of children’s books. In order to achieve this aim, a comparable corpus of translated and non-translated works of classic fiction for children has been collected and analysed using Corpus Linguistics tools and methodologies. The results show that, in the translational subcorpus, simplification, explicitation and normalization processes do not prevail over the non-translational one. Therefore, it is suggested that the status of translated children’s literature in the Italian literary “polysystem” (Even-Zohar, 1979, 1990) and, from a general viewpoint, all the cultural, historical and social conditions that influence translators’ activities, determine translation choices that can also tend towards processes different from those proposed by Baker.

Translation universals is one of the most intriguing and controversial topics in recent translation studies. Can we discover general laws of translation, independent of the particularities of individual translations? Research into this is new: serious empirical work only began in the late nineties. The present volume offers the state of the art on the issue. It includes theoretical discussion on alternative conceptualisations and new distinctions around the basic concepts. Several papers test hypotheses on universals in the light of recent work in different languages, and some suggest new ones emerging from empirical work over the last two to three years. The book contributes to the search for generalities in translation, the methodological solutions available, and presents emerging evidence on the kinds of regularities that large-scale research is bringing forth. On a more practical level, the applicability of the hypotheses and findings to translator education is, as always, a concern for translation studies.

The Handbook of Translation and Cognition is a pioneering, state-of-the-art investigation of cognitive approaches to translation and interpreting studies (TIS). Offers timely and cutting-edge coverage of the most important theoretical frameworks and methodological innovations Contains original contributions from a global group of leading researchers from 18 countries Explores topics related to translator and workplace characteristics including machine translation, creativity, ergonomic perspectives, and cognitive effort, and competence, training, and interpreting such as multimodal processing, neurocognitive optimization, process-oriented pedagogies, and conceptual change Maps out future directions for cognition and translation studies, as well as areas in need of more research within this dynamic field

This book is a compilation of research work in the interdisciplinary areas of electronics, communication, and computing. This book is specifically targeted at students, research scholars and academicians. The book covers the different approaches and techniques for specific applications, such as particle-swarm optimization, Otsu’s function and harmony search optimization algorithm, triple gate silicon on insulator (SOI)MOSFET, micro-Raman and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, high-k dielectric gate oxide, spectrum sensing in cognitive radio, microstrip antenna, Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) with conducting surfaces, and digital image forgery detection. The contents of the book will be useful to academic and professional researchers alike.

The Cambridge Foucault Lexicon is a reference tool that provides clear and incisive definitions and descriptions of all of Foucault's major terms and influences, including history, knowledge, language, philosophy and power. It also includes entries on philosophers about whom Foucault wrote and who influenced Foucault's thinking, such as Deleuze, Heidegger, Nietzsche and Canguilhem. The entries are written by scholars of Foucault from a variety of disciplines such as philosophy, gender studies, political science and history. Together, they shed light on concepts key to Foucault and to ongoing discussions of his work today.