Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is a powerful tool for non-invasively investigating static and dynamic properties of fluids inside complex and opaque structures. Various properties such as substance distribution, temperature, flow velocities, diffusion properties and much more can be imaged three-dimensionally. The Magnetic Resonance Velocimetry (MRV) allows for the in situ analysis of the local flow velocity of fluids. Such an analysis characterises mass transport properties and helps to validate or improve numerical predictions for porous media. However, the benefit of such validations is lowered by several problems worsening the measurement accuracy. This work addresses systematic errors and the influence of noise, which may reduce the accuracy of MRV measurements. Different techniques are described to minimise or correct displacement and phase errors. In particular, the so-called dual-Velocity ENCoding (VENC) technique is considered. It is described how the ratio between low- and high-VENC value should be chosen in order to obtain the highest possible improvement of the Velocity-to-Noise Ratio (VNR). A new multi-echo MRV sequence is proposed as a compromise between VNR, total measurement time, spatial resolution and displacement errors. For improved VNR, a dual-VENC encoding scheme was used with different velocity encoding steps for the individual echoes. The repetition time TR was optimised to achieve a further VNR improvement. The proposed MRV sequence was implemented on a 7 Tesla preclinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) system and used to measure the three-directional flow velocity of water in an Open Cell Foam (OCF) structure and a honeycomb structure with three-dimensional isotropic spatial resolution. The velocity measurements performed for the OCF structure were used for cross-validation with Computional Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. A technique is described to match MRV and CFD velocity maps and their agreement was evaluated by a similarity index. The influence of different artefacts on the similarity index is evaluated in detail. To better understand the origin of different artefacts, the surface and the inside of the OCF structure were analysed separately.

With the increasing role of porous solids in conventional and newly emerging technologies, there is an urgent need for a deeper understanding of fluid behaviour confined to pore spaces of these materials especially with regard to their transport properties. From its early years, NMR has been recognized as a powerful experimental technique enabling direct access to this information. In the last two decades, the methodological development of different NMR techniques to assess dynamic properties of adsorbed ensembles has been progressed. This book will report on these recent advances and look at new broader applications in engineering and medicine. Having both academic and industrial relevance, this unique reference will be for specialists working in the research areas and for advanced graduate and postgraduate studies who want information on the versatility of diffusion NMR.

Comprehensive Membrane Science and Engineering, Second Edition, Four Volume Set is an interdisciplinary and innovative reference work on membrane science and technology. Written by leading researchers and industry professionals from a range of backgrounds, chapters elaborate on recent and future developments in the field of membrane science and explore how the field has advanced since the previous edition published in 2010. Chapters are written by academics and practitioners across a variety of fields, including chemistry, chemical engineering, material science, physics, biology and food science. Each volume covers a wide spectrum of applications and advanced technologies, such as new membrane materials (e.g. thermally rearranged polymers, polymers of intrinsic microporosity and new hydrophobic fluoropolymer) and processes (e.g. reverse electrodialysis, membrane contractors, membrane crystallization, membrane condenser, membrane dryers and membrane emulsifiers) that have only recently proved their full potential for industrial application. This work covers the latest advances in membrane science, linking fundamental research with real-life practical applications using specially selected case studies of medium and large-scale membrane operations to demonstrate successes and failures with a look to future developments in the field. Contains comprehensive, cutting-edge coverage, helping readers understand the latest theory Offers readers a variety of perspectives on how membrane science and engineering research can be best applied in practice across a range of industries Provides the theory behind the limits, advantages, future developments and failure expectations of local membrane operations in emerging countries

Energy storage material is a hot topic in material science and chemistry. During the past decade, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has emerged as a powerful tool to aid understanding of the working and failing mechanisms of energy storage materials and devices. The aim of this book is to introduce the use of NMR methods for investigating electrochemical storage materials and devices. Presenting a comprehensive overview of NMR spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on energy storage materials, the book will include the theory of paramagnetic interactions and relevant calculation methods, a number of specific NMR approaches developed in the past decade for battery materials (e.g. in situ, ex situ NMR, MRI, DNP, 2D NMR, NMR dynamics) and case studies on a variety of related materials. Helping both NMR spectroscopists entering the field of batteries and battery specialists seeking diagnostic methods for material and device degradation, it is written by leading authorities from international research groups in this field.