Japanese encephalitis and West Nile viruses are members of the Japanese encephalitis serological group of the genus Flavivirus and therefore closely related genetically and antigenically. They share a number of properties, including the use of birds as their major wildlife maintenance host and Culicine mosquitoes for transmission, and they are both associated with severe human disease, as well as fatal infections in horses. The emergence of these two viruses, and their well-established propensity to colonise new areas, make it timely to re-examine their ecology, biology, molecular structure, replication and epidemiology, and these therefore provide the focus of this volume.

Knowledge in the field of the biology of the extracellular matrix, and in particular of collagen, has made considerable progress over the last ten years, especially in mammals, birds and ln man with respect to very important applied medical aspects. Basic knowledge in the animal kingdom overall has increased more slowly and haphazardly. We, therefore, considered it useful to organize a meeting specifically devoted to the study of the invertebrate and lower vertebrate collagens. The NATO Scientific Division financed an Advanced Research Workshop aimed at bringing together experts qualified in collagen biology (with morphological, biochemical and genetic specialization) with researchers who are currently studying collagenous tissues of invertebrates and lower vertebrates. The Medical-Biology Committee of the CNR-Rome and the University of Milan also supplied interest and support for the organization of this Meeting. The format of the workshop consisted in: 1) main lectures on the most recent aspects of collagen biology; 2) minireviews on the current knowledge of collagenous tissues in the various invertebrate phyla and in fish; 3) contributed papers on particular aspects of research in specific fields; 4) workshops on the methodology of studying collagen. As we had intended, the Workshop gave a comprehensive overview of acquired knowledge and of the present state of research actlvlty. It permitted wide interdisciplinary discussion, enabling collabora tions to be established and new research themes to be chosen. This volume contains the text of all the contributions presented at the Meeting, including posters.

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