Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are powerful tools to aid in the interrogation of the mechanisms of pathology of developmental disorders as well as modeling the development of embryonic and adult tissues. In this work, we attempted a patient-specific disease in a dish model of the craniofacial disorder Treacher Collins Syndrome (TCS) and the directed differentiation of brown adipocytes from hPSCs. The TCS model was unable to replicate the expected phenotype of reduced neural crest cell numbers or migratory potential. This shortcoming has been putatively attributed to reducing and high antioxidant conditions of the culture medium. Modulating brown adipocyte activity in humans has become an attractive therapeutic target for obesity and related metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes. Murine models suggest the brown adipose organ is capable of significant changes in body mass and circulating levels of insulin and glucose. Methods to interrogate human brown adipocyte functionality have been based on adult primary cells or overexpression systems. Here we report a robust and efficient chemically-defined method to differentiate human pluripotent stem cells into brown adipocytes through a developmentally appropriate paraxial mesoderm intermediate. These adipocytes display characteristics of mature brown adipocytes including marker expression, responsiveness to stimulation, enhanced metabolic activity, thermogenic capacity, lipolysis, and utilization of fatty acids. These cells are capable of being maintained in culture for several weeks, are amenable to passage, and upon transplantation in mice can give rise to adipose depots that maintain both morphological and functional properties. We propose that these cells are appropriate for modeling brown adipocyte development in vivo, elucidating basic biological cell fate decisions and branch points and as a platform for high-throughput drug screening to identify putative therapeutic targets to combat obesity and related disorders.

Offers readers an understanding of the development of neural crest cells, which is crucial as many birth defects and tumours are of neural crest origin. Delving into stem cells from different locations of the body, this book explores the best possible source of such cells for the use in medical applications.

This book presents the state-of-art in regenerative procedures currently applied by aesthetic physicians, plastic surgeons and dermatologists. It is divided into two parts, the first of which provides a detailed introduction to aesthetic medicine and the aging process. The second part, in turn, addresses the current status of techniques and technologies with regard to autologous grafts, covering fat transfer, blood grafts, skin grafts and stem cells. The book examines the surgical applications of these grafts, as well as potential side effects and limitations. Therapy combinations and outcomes round out the coverage. Aesthetic physicians, plastic surgeons and dermatologists interested in performing regenerative procedures for aesthetic purposes will find this book to be a valuable guide.

Neurogenetics, Part II, Volume 148, the latest release in the Handbook of Clinical Neurology, provides the latest information on the genetic methodologies that are having a significant impact on the study of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Using genetic science, researchers have identified over 200 genes that cause or contribute to neurological disorders. Still an evolving field of study, defining the relationship between genes and neurological and psychiatric disorders is expected to dramatically grow in scope. Part II builds on the foundation of Part I, expanding the coverage to dementias, paroxysmal disorders, neuromuscular disorders, white matter and demyelination diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, adult psychiatric disorders and cancer and phacomatoses. - Contains comprehensive coverage of neurogenetics - Details the latest science and its impact on our understanding of neurological, psychiatric disorders - Presents a focused reference for clinical practitioners and the neuroscience/neurogenetics research community

First published in 1944, Orban's Oral Histology and Embryology has become the classic text for successive generations of dental students. This thirteenth edition, while retaining the same fundamentals and lucid writing style, reflects upon the recent advances and latest curriculum offered in Indian universities. New to this Edition - All chapters have been extensively revised and updated - Incorporates Summary and Review Questions at the end of each chapter for the benefit of the students - All line illustrations have been modified and poor photographs have been replaced with improved ones for better understanding of the subject - New chapter on Lymphoid Tissue and Lymphatics in Orofacial Region - Preparation of Specimens for Histologic Study upgraded as a chapter Salient Features - Incorporates all relevant changes especially in the field of molecular biology - Discusses molecular biological aspects of oral tissues - Emphasizes clinical relevance of oral histological aspects

Accompanying CD-ROM contains ... "150 color images with legends, 472 book figures with legends, 438 multiple choice test questions, and 119 interactive drag-and-drop exercises." -- from CD-ROM Welcome screen.