This book presents the history, philosophy, and mathematics of the major systems of propositional logic. Classical logic, modal logics, many-valued logics, intuitionism, paraconsistent logics, and dependent implication are examined in separate chapters. Each begins with a motivation in the originators' own terms, followed by the standard formal semantics, syntax, and completeness theorem. The chapters on the various logics are largely self-contained so that the book can be used as a reference. An appendix summarizes the formal semantics and axiomatizations of the logics. The view that unifies the exposition is that propositional logics comprise a spectrum: as the aspect of propositions under consideration varies, the logic varies. Each logic is shown to fall naturally within a general framework for semantics. A theory of translations between logics is presented that allows for further comparisons, and necessary conditions are given for a translation to preserve meaning. For this third edition the material has been re-organized to make the text easier to study, and a new section on paraconsistent logics with simple semantics has been added which challenges standard views on the nature of consequence relations. The text includes worked examples and hundreds of exercises, from routine to open problems, making the book with its clear and careful exposition ideal for courses or individual study.

As far as pirates go Captain Pie seems like a nice guy but there is something not quite right about his ship. For one, there’s a whistling duck named after a whale and then there’s all that chat about time travel and time tourists and meat eating being banned in the future. Watch out Peter and Percy, you better not eat any fish in front of Captain Pie! And then there’s the Odod bird which in itself is odd, to say the least.

This book is an introduction to a comprehensive and unified dynamic transition theory for dissipative systems and to applications of the theory to a range of problems in the nonlinear sciences. The main objectives of this book are to introduce a general principle of dynamic transitions for dissipative systems, to establish a systematic dynamic transition theory, and to explore the physical implications of applications of the theory to a range of problems in the nonlinear sciences. The basic philosophy of the theory is to search for a complete set of transition states, and the general principle states that dynamic transitions of all dissipative systems can be classified into three categories: continuous, catastrophic and random. The audience for this book includes advanced graduate students and researchers in mathematics and physics as well as in other related fields.

Presents information about how and why grammar has evolved through the years, and where it is likely to go, including writing prompts to engage and challenge the reader.

A story of luck, money, and fraud. The life and times, friends and lovers, trials and tribulations, hopes and disappointments of Lakshmi Stein, as narrated in the first person by Ms. Stein, a brainy, beautiful, liberated, American-born South Asian. A modern tragedy of Oedipal proportions, Moby Dx is the most original treatment of incest since Sophocles. This the first social novel of Silicon Valley, a bonfire of our vanities, written by a long time insider who knows the technologies, the pathologies, where the bodies are buried, and his way around a sentence, too. A history of molecular biology from Mendel to modern commercialization, and a history of technology transfer from Vannevar Bush to contermporary patent licensing, both are woven into this hyper-real fiction of life as it is in and near Palo Alto, California. Ms. Stein tracks the arc of Persian, Russian, Chinese, French, Kashmiri, Indian, and even American characters as they make their way to Silicon Valley, ultimately to form Moby Dx LLC, whose key product is the Molecular Stethoscope. As such, Moby Dx is a how-to and how-not-to on entrepreneuring, with special emphasis on due diligence vis a vis business partner selection. Note: Parental Advisory, content of a explicit sexual nature within.

The forms and scope of logic rest on assumptions of how language and reasoning connect to experience. In this volume an analysis of meaning and truth provides a foundation for studying modern propositional and predicate logics. Chapters on propositional logic, parsing propositions, and meaning, truth, and reference give a basis for criteria that can be used to judge formalizations of ordinary language arguments. Over 120 worked examples of formalizations of propositions and arguments illustrate the scope and limitations of modern logic, as analyzed in chapters on identity, quantifiers, descriptive names, functions, and second-order logic. The chapter on second-order logic illustrates how different conceptions of predicates and propositions do not lead to a common basis for quantification over predicates, as they do for quantification over things. Notable for its clarity of presentation, and supplemented by many exercises, this volume is suitable for philosophers, linguists, mathematicians, and computer scientists who wish to better understand the tools they use in formalizing reasoning.