Scholarship on Milton's view of God the Father and the Son has focused on the author's theological beliefs. For Milton, these are equally artistic questions, and to address them this study considers the precedents in Christian art that provide models for portraying the divine within a reformed context. Milton's revision of the passion tradition in his short poems of 1645 and his later epic poems substitutes a living, obedient and subservient Son in place of late medieval representations of the crucifixion. His alternative passion unfolds through a poetic vocabulary of fragmentation, omission, and restoration, drawing on iconoclasm as an artistic strategy. This study addresses the long-standing question about Milton's avoidance of the crucifixion and contributes to the broader study of his reformed poetics.

Critics have traditionally found fault with the descriptions and images in John Milton's poetry and thought of him as an author who wrote for the ear more than the eye. In Milton's Visual Imagination, Stephen B. Dobranski proposes that, on the contrary, Milton enriches his biblical source text with acute and sometimes astonishing visual details. He contends that Milton's imagery - traditionally disparaged by critics - advances the epic's narrative while expressing the author's heterodox beliefs. In particular, Milton exploits the meaning of objects and gestures to overcome the inherent difficulty of his subject and to accommodate seventeenth-century readers. Bringing together Milton's material philosophy with an analysis of both his poetic tradition and cultural circumstances, this book is a major contribution to our understanding of early modern visual culture as well as of Milton's epic.

This book explores early modern debates over prayer and liturgy from Anglican and Puritan perspectives, highlighting the poetic representation of prayer on both sides of the controversy.

As a major source of debate on theological topics such as the resurrection of body and soul, justification by faith, and predestination, the New Testament epistles of Saint Paul played a central role in the development of religious thought and practice across Reformation Europe. But in a period when Christian belief and Biblical knowledge permeated every aspect of human life, how did Paul's epistles inform Europe's literary and rhetorical cultures? How did scholars and artists respond, not just to Paul's provocative ideas, but also to his provocative manner of expressing them? Pauline Style and Renaissance Literary Culture is the first critical history of Saint Paul's rhetorical style in the Renaissance, 1500-1700. It explores critical and creative responses to Paul's style across a wide range of mediums and genres, at a time when two powerful and confluent cultural forces—Humanism and Protestantism—profoundly altered conceptions of Biblical writing. Daniel Knapper argues that Paul's style developed into one of the most theoretically productive and artistically provocative styles of the Renaissance primarily because of its controversial reception among European Biblical humanists, who struggled to define and assess its volatile features, qualities, and expressive functions. This theoretical discourse directly impacted literary activity in England, shaping how and why English writers imitated Paul's style in their literary works. From the plays of William Shakespeare, to the devotional poetry of John Donne, to the courtly sermons of Lancelot Andrewes, to the polemical prose and epic poetry of John Milton, English writers imitated Paul's style—or, more precisely, a set of critically and culturally determined aspects of Paul's style—to produce specific aesthetic effects, reflect on pressing theological problems, and engage in heated religious controversies. In tracing the reception of Paul's style in Renaissance literary culture, this groundbreaking study reveals how and why English writers drew on Biblical models to develop their literary practices, even as it reveals how issues of style and rhetoric shaped Biblical interpretation and theological discourse in the contentious religious crucible of Reformation Europe.

A lot has been said about the atonement theology of the theologians, but what of ordinary believers and their church leaders? What, if anything, have they done with "penal substitution" or with "Christus Victor"? How, if at all, have these doctrinal approaches helped ordinary Christians to live more devoted lives or lead good church services? Ben Pugh takes the temperature of the church at various points in its history right up to the present day, noting particular emphases that can be detected in various expressions of personal and corporate faith--whether these be hymns, sermons, magazines, or devotional texts. The book aims not only to describe what the implied atonement theologies of the church have in reality been but also to explore why these have taken the forms that they have. This exploration will shed some fresh light on current debates, building on the findings of the author's earlier work, Atonement Theories: A Way through the Maze.

Featuring entries composed by leading international scholars, The Encyclopedia of English Renaissance Literature presents comprehensive coverage of all aspects of English literature produced from the early 16th to the mid 17th centuries. Comprises over 400 entries ranging from 1000 to 5000 words written by leading international scholars Arranged in A-Z format across three fully indexed and cross-referenced volumes Provides coverage of canonical authors and their works, as well as a variety of previously under-considered areas, including women writers, broadside ballads, commonplace books, and other popular literary forms Biographical material on authors is presented in the context of cutting-edge critical discussion of literary works. Represents the most comprehensive resource available for those working in English Renaissance literary studies Also available online as part of the Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Literature, providing 24/7 access and powerful searching, browsing and cross-referencing capabilities

John McGreal's three new books – It’s Reproduction, Contently, It’s Revolution, Actively and It’s Transformation, Contently – continue the ‘It’ Series published by Matador since 2010.