This highly anticipated update of the acclaimed textbook draws on the latest research to give students the knowledge and tools to explore the mechanisms by which bacterial pathogens cause infections in humans and animals. Written in an approachable and engaging style, the book uses illustrative examples and thought-provoking exercises to inspire students with the potential excitement and fun of scientific discovery. Completely revised and updated, and for the first time in stunning full-color, Bacterial Pathogenesis: A Molecular Approach, Fourth Edition, builds on the core principles and foundations of its predecessors while expanding into new concepts, key findings, and cutting-edge research, including new developments in the areas of the microbiome and CRISPR as well as the growing challenges of antimicrobial resistance. All-new detailed illustrations help students clearly understand important concepts and mechanisms of the complex interplay between bacterial pathogens and their hosts. Study questions at the end of each chapter challenge students to delve more deeply into the topics covered, and hone their skills in reading, interpreting, and analyzing data, as well as devising their own experiments. A detailed glossary defines and expands on key terms highlighted throughout the book. Written for advanced undergraduate, graduate, and professional students in microbiology, bacteriology, and pathogenesis, this text is a must-have for anyone looking for a greater understanding of virulence mechanisms across the breadth of bacterial pathogens.

Groundbreaking thinking on how bacterial metabolism is foundational to pathogenesis For too long, bacterial metabolism and bacterial pathogenesis have been studied as separate entities. However, the scientific community is beginning to realize that not only are bacterial nutrient acquisition and utilization essential for pathogenesis, but that interfering with the pathogen-specific metabolic pathways used during infection can regulate virulence factor expression and might lead to effective breakthroughs in a variety of treatments. Editors Paul Cohen and Tyrrell Conway, who pioneered the use of metabolic mutants in competitive colonization assays, an approach now widely used to investigate the nutrition of pathogens in vivo, are uniquely qualified to advance our knowledge of this integrative field of research. They convened a group of contributors who are breaking new ground in understanding how bacterial metabolism is foundational to pathogenesis to share their expert perspectives and outlook for the future. Beginning with overviews, Metabolism and Bacterial Pathogenesis covers a wide range of diseases and both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria that serve as model systems for in vitro and in vivo investigations intracellular, respiratory, and enteric pathogens pathogen-specific nutrient acquisition in hosts mechanisms of host-driven metabolic adaptation by pathogens metabolic regulation of virulence gene expression Useful for specialists in bacterial pathogenesis and specialists in metabolism as well as molecular biologists, physicians, veterinarians, dentists, graduate and undergraduate students, and laboratory technicians, Metabolism and Bacterial Pathogenesis is also essential reading for scientists studying the microbiome.

Bacterial Metabolism focuses on metabolic events that occur in microorganisms, as well as photosynthesis, oxidation, polysaccharide formation, and homofermentation. The book first discusses the thermodynamics of biological reactions, photosynthesis and photometabolism, and chemosynthesis. Free energy, photosynthesis, enzymes, and terminology in bacterial metabolism are elaborated. The manuscript then examines acetic acid bacteria and lactic acid bacteria. Discussions focus on lactate, ethanol, glucose, and glycerol metabolism, glycol oxidation, homofermentation, polysaccharide formation, and electron transport systems. The publication takes a look at pseudomonadaceae and nitrogen metabolism as an energy source for anaerobic microorganisms. Topics include metabolism of pairs of amino acids, single amino acid metabolism, oxidation of glycolate and malonate, and oxygenases. The book is a dependable source of information for readers interested in bacterial metabolism.

Bacterial Physiology and Metabolism focuses on research on bacteria, as well as metabolism of carbohydrates, fermentation, and oxidation of acids. The book first offers information on nutrition and growth of bacterial cultures, including requirements for growth, nutritional classification of bacteria, measurement of bacterial growth, and synchronous growth of bacterial cultures. The manuscript then considers the chemical composition of bacteria, oligosaccharide catabolism, and transport of sugars. The publication takes a look at the fermentation of sugars and aerobic metabolism of carbohydrates. Discussions focus on Embden-Meyerhof fermentations, miscellaneous pathways, and hexose, pentose, polyol, and hexuronic acid oxidation. The text also elaborates on oxidation of organic acids, electron transport, oxidation of hydrocarbons, and protein and amino acid catabolism. The text is a dependable reference for readers interested in bacterial physiology and metabolism.

I am particularly indebted to Joan Macy, Lynne Quandt, Jan Andreesen and Peter Hillmer for reading the manuscript, for their criticisms and their suggestions, and I thank Ute Gnass for typing the manuscript and for her invaluable help with the indexing and with the preparation of the figures. Finally, I am grateful to the publishers for their patience, willing help, and cooperation. G6ttingen, 1978 GERHARD GOTTSCHALK Contents CHAPTER I Nutrition of Bacteria I. Major and Minor Bioelements I II. The Two Basic Mechanisms of ATP Synthesis 4 III. Nutrients as Energy Sources 6 IV. Growth Factor Requirements of Bacteria 9 V. Summary 10 CHAPTER 2 How Escherichia coli Synthesizes ATP during Aerobic Growth on Glucose I. Transport of D-Glucose into the E. coli Cell 13 II. Degradation of Glucose-6-Phosphate to Pyruvate via the Embden-Meyerhof- Parnas (EMP) Pathway 15 III. Oxidative Decarboxylation of Pyruvate to Acetyl-Coenzyme A 18 IV. Oxidation of Acetyl-CoA via the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle 20 V. The Formation of ATP in the Respiratory Chain 22 VI. Summary 35 CHAPTER 3 Biosynthesis of Escherichia coli Cells from Glucose I. Composition of E. coli Cells 38 II. Assimilation of Ammonia 40 Ill. Assimilatory Reduction of Sulfate 42 IV. Biosynthesis of Amino Acids 43 V. How Pentose Phosphates and NADPH are Formed 55 xii Contents VI. Ribonucleotides and Deoxyribonucleotides 59 VII. Biosynthesis of Lipids 65 VIII. Formation of Carbohydrates 71 IX. Synthesis of Polymers 73 X. The Requirement for an Anaplerotic Sequence 92 XI.

Pathogens adapt their metabolism rapidly to the host. Our topic covers these phenomenon regarding extracellular and intracellular pathogens as well as general methods to elucidate different metabolic adaptation processes - an essential guide for any scientist wanting to keep abreast of recent developments in infection biology.

This book has been written for students who are taking a course in bacterial metabolism. I hope, however, that scholars will also find it useful either as a help in teaching bacterial metabolism or as a review on the special aspects of metabolism in bacteria. The concept of this book results from my experience in teaching bacterial metabolism. In the first chapters the principal reactions of the energy and biosynthetic metabolism have been discussed using Escherichia coli as a model organism. Then the diversity of aerobic metabolism has been out lined. Following a brief description of the regulation of the level and the activity of enzymes in bacteria the characteristic features of fermentative, chemolithotrophic and phototrophic metabolism have been discussed. Finally, the last chapter has been devoted to nitrogen fixation. Throughout the text I have tried not only to describe metabolic pathways and enzyme reactions but also to elucidate the physiology of the microorganisms which carry out all these metabolic reactions. Two comments regarding the formulas used in this book are necessary.