This document is the eighth quarterly status report on a project that is conducted at the High Temperature Gasdynamics Laboratory at Stanford University, Stanford, California and is concerned with enhancing the transformation of iron pyrite to non-slagging species during staged, low-NO(subscript x) pulverized coal (P.C.) combustion. In general, the project has the following objectives: (1) the characterization of the various mechanisms of intraparticle mass transfer and chemical reaction that control overall pyrite combustion rates and (2) the synthesis of the reaction rate resistances of the various mechanisms into a general rate expression for pyrite combustion. The knowledge gained from this project will be incorporated into numerical codes and utilized to formulate slagging abatement strategies involving the minor adjustment of firing conditions. Ultimately, the benefit of this research program is intended to be an increase in the range of coals compatible with staged, low-NO{sub X} combustor retrofits.

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The information presented constitutes the report for the period July 1 to September 30, 1996. Characterization of intraparticle mass transport limitations during pyrite oxidation was embarked upon. The effort was intended to confirm that intraparticle transport limitations are negligible. Samples of 20 micron pyrite particles extracted from the flow reactor after oxidation at 1550 K in 1% oxygen level were analyzed. The samples has been extracted after reaction times of 42 ms, 52 ms, 77 ms, and 146 ms. For these samples, the bulk product compositions previously determined by X-ray diffraction analysis consisted of varying proportions of FeS2, Fe{sub 1-X}S, FeO, and Fe3O4. The particles were analyzed to determine if the iron compounds previously identified by bulk X- ray diffraction analysis (XRD) were well mixed within individual particles. The extracted pyrite particles, epoxied and sectioned, were subjected to a variety of analytical techniques using the microprobe (JEOL 733 Superprobe). Secondary electron and backscatter electron imaging was performed. Iron, sulfur, and oxygen elemental X-ray maps were generated. Energy dispersive spectrometry was used for qualitative elemental analysis of selected particles. These particles were subsequently subjected to qualitative elemental analysis by wavelength dispersive spectrometry (WDS) using Fe2O3 and FeS2 as standards. During WDS analysis, micron-radius hemispherical volumes bisected by sectioning plane were sampled. The microprobe analyses of oxidized pyrite showed that, generally, particles could be modeled as well-stirred, having negligible compositional gradients of the scale of the particle radius. In all four samples of pyrite analyzed, there were particle edge effects. Furthermore, there were finger-like projections of different phases in mixed-phase particles. Nevertheless, compositional gradients were of concern only in the 77 ms samples.

This document is the seventh quarterly status report on a project that is conducted at the High Temperature Gasdynamics Laboratory at Stanford University, Stanford, California and is concerned with enhancing the transformation of iron pyrite to non-slagging species during staged, low-NO{sub X} pulverized coal (P.C.) combustion. The project aims to identify the mechanisms of pyrite combustion and to quantify their effects, in order to formulate a general rate expression for the combustion of pyrite that accounts for coal properties as well as furnace conditions. In general, the project has the following objectives: 1) the characterization of the various mechanisms of intraparticle mass transfer and chemical reaction that control overall pyrite combustion rates and 2) the synthesis of the reaction rate resistances of the various mechanisms into a general rate expression for pyrite combustion. The knowledge gained from this project will be incorporated into numerical codes and utilized to formulate slagging abatement strategies involving the minor adjustment of firing conditions. Ultimately, the benefit of this research program is intended to be an increase in the range of coals compatible with staged, low-NO{sub X} combustor retrofits. 9 refs., 12 figs.

Gender, Sexuality and Museums provides the only repository of key articles, new essays and case studies for the important area of gender and sexuality in museums. It is the first reader to focus on LGBT issues and museums, and the first reader in nearly 15 years to collect articles which focus on women and museums. At last, students of museum studies, women’s studies, LGBT studies and museum professionals have a single resource. The book is organised into three thematic parts, each with its own introduction. Sections focus on women in museum work, applications of feminist and LGBT theories to museum exhibitions, exhibitions and collections pertaining to women and individuals who are LGBT. The Case studies in a fourth part provide different perspectives to key topics, such as memorials and memorializing; modernism and museums; and natural history collections. The collection concludes with a bibliographic essay evaluating scholarship to date on gender and sexuality in museums. Amy K. Levin brings together outstanding articles published in the past as well as new essays. The collection’s scope is international, with articles about US, Canadian, and European institutions. Gender, Sexuality and Museums: A Routledge Reader is an essential resource for those studying gender and sexuality in the museum.