Log-amplitude variance and covariance of the scintillation of a diverging optical beam have been measured over a 48-hr period at a wavelength of 0.63[mu], on a 490 and 1000 m optical paths 2 m above the surface of a flat mesa near Boulder, Colorado. Simultaneous measurements of the refractive-index structure of the atmosphere have been obtained from temperature-structure-function measurements at spacings of 1, 3, and 10 cm. A saturation of scintillation occurs for values of log-amplitude variance between 0.5 and 1. After reaching a peak, the log-amplitude variance then decreases with both increasing range and increasing refractive-index turbulence. The spatial covariance of the fluctuations tends to increase in the saturation region. In the unsaturated region, the log-amplitude variance is approximately that predicted by the spherical-wave propagation theory of Tatarski.

SPIE Milestones are collections of seminal papers from the world literature covering important discoveries and developments in optics and photonics.

The Green Electronics book is intended to stimulate people's thinking toward the new concepts of an environment-friendly electronics - the main challenge in the future. The book offers multiple solutions to push the classical electronic industry toward green concepts, aided by nanotechnologies, with revolutionary features that provide low power consumption in electronics, use biomaterials for integrated structures, and include environmental monitoring tools. Based on organic semiconductors/insulators without toxic precursors, green electronic technologies launched promising devices like OLED, OTFT, or nano-core-shell transistors. The Green Electronics book successfully presents the recent directions collected worldwide and leaves free space for continuing year by year with new subtopics.

Renewed interest in laser communication systems has sparked development of useful new analytic models. This book discusses optical scintillation and its impact on system performance in free-space optical communication and laser radar applications, with a detailed look at propagation phenomena and the role of scintillation on system behavior. Intended for practicing engineers, scientists, and students.

The book focuses on the integration of intelligent communication systems, control systems, and devices related to all aspects of engineering and sciences. It includes high-quality research papers from the 3rd international conference, ICICCD 2018, organized by the Department of Electronics, Instrumentation and Control Engineering at the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun on 21–22 December 2018. Covering a range of recent advances in intelligent communication, intelligent control and intelligent devices., the book presents original research and findings as well as researchers’ and industrial practitioners’ practical development experiences of.

This handbook is designed to aid electronic warfare and radar systems engineers in making general estimations regarding capabilities of systems. It is not intended as a detailed designer's guide, due to space limitations. Portions of the handbook and future changes will be posted on an internet link.