Offers information necessary for the development of mathematical models and numerical techniques to solve specific drying problems. The book addresses difficult issues involved with the drying equations of numerical analysis, including mesh generation, discretinization strategies, the nonlinear equation set and the linearized algebraic system, convergance criteria, time step control, experimental validation, optimum methods of visualization results, and more.

Most conventional dryers use random heating to dry diverse materials without considering their thermal sensitivity and energy requirements for drying. Eventually, excess energy consumption is necessary to attain a low-quality dried product. Proper heat and mass transfer modelling prior to designing a drying system for selected food materials can overcome these problems. Heat and Mass Transfer Modelling During Drying: Empirical to Multiscale Approaches extensively discusses the issue of predicting energy consumption in terms of heat and mass transfer simulation. A comprehensive mathematical model can help provide proper insight into the underlying transport phenomena within the materials during drying. However, drying of porous materials such as food is one of the most complex problems in the engineering field that is also multiscale in nature. From the modelling perspective, heat and mass transfer phenomena can be predicted using empirical to multiscale modelling. However, multiscale simulation methods can provide a comprehensive understanding of the physics of drying food materials. KEY FEATURES Includes a detailed discussion on material properties that are relevant for drying phenomena Presents an in-depth discussion on the underlying physics of drying using conceptual visual content Provides appropriate formulation of mathematical modelling from empirical to multiscale approaches Offers numerical solution approaches to mathematical models Presents possible challenges of different modelling strategies and potential solutions The objective of this book is to discuss the implementation of different modelling techniques ranging from empirical to multiscale in order to understand heat and mass transfer phenomena that take place during drying of porous materials including foods, pharmaceutical products, paper, leather materials, and more.

Mathematical modelling and computer simulation of grain drying are now widely used in agricultural engineering research. Several models have been proposed to describe the heat and mass transfer processes in the basic types of convective grain drier. Most of these models, however, have been derived under assumptions which are not explicitly stated and which restrict their applications from the outset. Furthermore, the differences which exist between various models are not always clarified in the literature. It is important with an ever-increasing demand for the accurate modelling of drying systems, for the researcher to understand the basic assumptions inherent in a particular model and hence to be aware of its limitations. In addition, the problems of obtaining satisfactory solutions for particular models have generally been given only a cursory treatment. The purpose of this work is, firstly, to provide a general framework from which mathematical models for any type of drier may be derived under suitable assumptions. The use of this framework is illustrated by the formulation of models for the four basic types of convective grain drier, namely fixed bed, concurrent flow, counterflow and crossflow. Previous work is then discussed in the context of these models. The resulting systems of differential equations for each of the models obtained are non-linear and have, in general, no analytical solution. The analytical/semi-analytical solutions to particular problems associated with the above cases are pursued as far as possible. However, as is evident from this investigation, purely numerical techniques provide the only practicable means of obtaining an accurate solution to any grain drying problem of current interest. Therefore, suitable computational techniques were devised and implemented for the solution of the three distinct cases, namely the fixed bed, steadystate concurrent flow and steady-state counterflow problems. These techniques are described together with a.

Drying of Polymeric and Solid Materials shows for the first time how the process of drying can be enhanced by combining mathematical and numerical models with experiments. The main advantages of this method are a significant saving of time and money. Numerical modelling can predict the kinetics of drying and the profiles of liquid concentration through the solid. This helps in the selection of optimal operational conditions. The simulation of the process is also crucial in the assessment of diffusity and the rate of evaporation.

Still the Most Complete, Up-To-Date, and Reliable Reference in the FieldDrying is a highly energy-intensive operation and is encountered in nearly all industrial sectors. With rising energy costs and consumer demands for higher quality dried products, it is increasingly important to be aware of the latest developments in industrial drying technolog

This scholarly text provides an introduction to the numerical methods used to model partial differential equations, with focus on atmospheric and oceanic flows. The book covers both the essentials of building a numerical model and the more sophisticated techniques that are now available. Finite difference methods, spectral methods, finite element method, flux-corrected methods and TVC schemes are all discussed. Throughout, the author keeps to a middle ground between the theorem-proof formalism of a mathematical text and the highly empirical approach found in some engineering publications. The book establishes a concrete link between theory and practice using an extensive range of test problems to illustrate the theoretically derived properties of various methods. From the reviews: "...the books unquestionable advantage is the clarity and simplicity in presenting virtually all basic ideas and methods of numerical analysis currently actively used in geophysical fluid dynamics." Physics of Atmosphere and Ocean