This book provides a self-contained undergraduate course on quantum computing based on classroom-tested lecture notes. It reviews the fundamentals of quantum mechanics from the double-slit experiment to entanglement, before progressing to the basics of qubits, quantum gates, quantum circuits, quantum key distribution, and some of the famous quantum algorithms. As well as covering quantum gates in depth, it also describes promising platforms for their physical implementation, along with error correction, and topological quantum computing. With quantum computing expanding rapidly in the private sector, understanding quantum computing has never been so important for graduates entering the workplace or PhD programs. Assuming minimal background knowledge, this book is highly accessible, with rigorous step-by-step explanations of the principles behind quantum computation, further reading, and end-of-chapter exercises, ensuring that undergraduate students in physics and engineering emerge well prepared for the future.

Materials Science and Engineering of Carbon: Characterization discusses 12 characterization techniques, focusing on their application to carbon materials, including X-ray diffraction, X-ray small-angle scattering, transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, image analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, magnetoresistance, electrochemical performance, pore structure analysis, thermal analyses, and quantification of functional groups. Each contributor in the book has worked on carbon materials for many years, and their background and experience will provide guidance on the development and research of carbon materials and their further applications. - Focuses on characterization techniques for carbon materials - Authored by experts who are considered specialists in their respective techniques - Presents practical results on various carbon materials, including fault results, which will help readers understand the optimum conditions for the characterization of carbon materials

In order to achieve the revolutionary new defense capabilities offered by materials science and engineering, innovative management to reduce the risks associated with translating research results will be needed along with the R&D. While payoff is expected to be high from the promising areas of materials research, many of the benefits are likely to be evolutionary. Nevertheless, failure to invest in more speculative areas of research could lead to undesired technological surprises. Basic research in physics, chemistry, biology, and materials science will provide the seeds for potentially revolutionary technologies later in the 21st century.

Frontiers of Materials Research/Electronic And Optical Materials: Volume I is part of a five-volume compilation of the proceedings of C-MRS International 1990 Conference held in Beijing, China. The said conference discusses the areas of research in materials science. The book is divided into three parts. Part 1 covers topics involved in the development and progress of materials such as the focused beam ion; intermetallic compounds; polymers; and the application of computers in the field. Part 2 includes studies related to high Tc superconductors such as methods related to the field; the effects of oxygen and partial pressure on the properties of superconducting; and the study of superconductivity and crystallography. Part 3 presents papers related optoelectronic materials and functional crystals, which are mostly about the growth, properties, and uses of the different crystals being studied in each paper. The text is recommended for scientists and engineers who would like to know more about the field of materials science, especially those who would like to be involved in materials research.

This book presents a coherent synopsis of a rapidly evolving field. Subjects covered include diffraction contrast and defect analysis by conventional TEM lattice imaging, phase contrast and resolution limits in high resolution electron microscopy. Specialised electron diffraction techniques are also covered, as is the application of parallel electron energy loss spectroscopy and scanning transmission EM for subnanometer analysis. Materials analyzed include thin films, interfaces and non-conventional materials. WDS and EDS are treated, with an emphasis on phi(rhoZeta) techniques for the analysis of thin layers and surface films. Theoretical and practical aspects of ESEM are discussed in relation to applications in crystal growth, biomaterials and polymers. Recent developments in SPM are also described. A comprehensive survey of the state of the art in electron and SPM, future research directions and prospective applications in materials engineering.

This book presents a mechanistic approach—mathematical modeling—for carrying out dental materials research. This approach allows researchers to go beyond the null hypothesis and obtain a solution that is more general and therefore predictive for conditions other than those considered in a study. Hence it can be used either on its own or to complement the commonly used statistical approach. Through a series of practical problems with wide-ranging application, the reader will be guided on: How to construct a mathematical model for the behavior of dental materials by making informed assumptions of the physical, chemical, or mechanical situation How to simplify the model by making suitable simplifications How to calibrate the model by calculating the values of key parameters using experimental results How to refine the model when there are discrepancies between predictions and experiments Only elementary calculus is required to follow the examples and all the problems can be solved by using MS Excel© spreadsheets. This is an ideal book for dental materials researchers without a strong mathematical background who are interested in applying a more mechanistic approach to their research to give deeper insight into the problem at hand. Advance praise for Mathematical Models for Dental Materials Research: “This is a nice addition for research students on how to conduct their work and how to manage data analysis. It brings together a number of important aspects of dental materials investigations which has been missing in the literature. The practical examples make it much easier to understand.” – Michael F. Burrow, Clinical Professor in Prosthodontics, The University of Hong Kong “The great strengths of this volume are the real world examples of dental materials research in the successive chapters. In turn, this is an outcome of the outstanding expertise of both authors. I warmly recommend this book to the dental biomaterials community worldwide.” – David C. Watts, Professor of Biomaterials Science, University of Manchester, UK