Richtlijnen voor de werker in het veld om problemen te ondervangen ten aanzien van de waterkwaliteit voor irrigatie-doeleinden. Tenslotte worden praktijkervaringen uit diverse gebieden vermeld

This publication contains guidelines to sustain irrigated agriculture and protect water resources from the negative impacts of agricultural drainage water disposal. Using case studies from Central Asia, Egypt, India, Pakistan and the US, this study highlights four broad groups of drainage water management options and provides information to enable assessment of their impact and contribution towards development goals and to facilitate the preparation of drainage water management plans and designs. The options are: water conservation, drainage water re-use, drainage water disposal and drainage water treatment. The full texts of the case studies can be found on the attached CD-ROM.

Water quality refers to the chemical, physical, biological, and radiological characteristics of water. It is a measure of the condition of water for the purposes intended for. It is most frequently used by reference to a set of standards against which compliance can be assessed. The most common standards used to assess water quality relate to health of ecosystems, safety of human contact and potable drinking water. A range of diverse topics in the field of water quality modelling, statistical evaluation and guidelines pertaining to the best management practices in different locations around the world is given herein. Modelling of water quality in rivers and lakes, statistical methods and membrane filter performance are subject matters of interest considering in-situ water, potable water, water re-use, etc.

North American Agroforestry Explore the many benefits of alternative land-use systems with this incisive resource Humanity has become a victim of its own success. While we’ve managed to meet the needs—to one extent or another—of a large portion of the human population, we’ve often done so by ignoring the health of the natural environment we rely on to sustain our planet. And by deteriorating the quality of our air, water, and land, we’ve put into motion consequences we’ll be dealing with for generations. In the newly revised Third Edition of North American Agroforestry, an expert team of researchers delivers an authoritative and insightful exploration of an alternative land-use system that exploits the positive interactions between trees and crops when they are grown together and bridges the gap between production agriculture and natural resource management. This latest edition includes new material on urban food forests, as well as the air and soil quality benefits of agroforestry, agroforestry’s relevance in the Mexican context, and agroforestry training and education. The book also offers: A thorough introduction to the development of agroforestry as an integrated land use management strategy Comprehensive explorations of agroforestry nomenclature, concepts, and practices, as well as an agroecological foundation for temperate agroforestry Practical discussions of tree-crop interactions in temperate agroforestry, including in systems such as windbreak practices, silvopasture practices, and alley cropping practices In-depth examinations of vegetative environmental buffers for air and water quality benefits, agroforestry for wildlife habitat, agroforestry at the landscape level, and the impact of agroforestry on soil health Perfect for environmental scientists, natural resource professionals and ecologists, North American Agroforestry will also earn a place in the libraries of students and scholars of agricultural sciences interested in the potential benefits of agroforestry.

There are several concerns about the sustainability of irrigation and drainage projects, many of which are related to the quality and disposal of drainage water. Inadequate drainage and improper drainage water disposal have led to land degradation due to water logging and salinity. There have been instances where saline or high nutrient drainage water has damaged aquatic ecosystems. Drainage continues to be a vital and necessary component of agricultural production systems. In order to enhance the net benefits of drainage systems, more attention will need to be given to the water quality impacts of drainage water disposal. This document identifies potential problems and management options in the development, production, treatment and disposal of agricultural drainage water. Contents Chapter 1: Introduction by Chandra A Madramootoo; Need for artificial drainage, Agricultural, environmental and socio-economic benefits of drainage, Types of drainage systems, Surface drainage, Subsurface drainage, Secondary drainage treatments, Environmental impact assessment, Water quality issues, Drainage water management and disposal options, On-farm source control, Re-use of drainage water, Disposal and management of drainage water in closed basins, Water table management, Planning and designing drainage systems to protect and enhance water quality; Chapter 2: Drainage Water Quality by Dennis Westcot; Water quality charactersitics, Pesticides, Toxic trace elements, Nutrients, Sediment, Bacteria, Temperature, Salinity and major ions, Sulphurous compounds, Protection of beneficial uses, Domestic and drinking water, Industrial supply, Agricultural supply, Aquatic life, Recreation; Chapter 3: Water Table Management by Daniel Zimmer and Chandra A Madramootoo; General features, Water table control structures, Water quality benefits, Drainage hydrology and water quality, Nutrients, Pesticides, Operational aspects, Farm or catchment scale, Topography and soils, Monitoring requirements; Chapter 4: Drainage Water Re-Use; Re-use for crop irrigation by Michael C Shannon; Effects of salinity on crop growth and yield, Agricultural management practices, Managing cycling and blending strategies, Re-use for saline agriculture and forestry by Vashek Cervinka, Concept of agriculture-forestry systems and solar evaporators, System design and planning, Re-use in a natural wetland by Dick A Daniel, Re-use of surface drainage water, Re-use of subsurface drainage water; Chapter 5: Drainage Water Treatment by Lawrence Owns; Physical, chemical and biological treatment processes, Selection of treatment process, Methods of treatment, Physical/chemical treatment, Biological treatment, A treatment example, Treatment in constructed wetlands by Walter J Ochs, Flow-through wetland functions, Planning and design of flow through wetlands, Hydraulic and geohydraulic characteristics, Soils and geologic characteristics, Vegetative characteristics, Implementation, monitoring and management; Chapter 6: Drainage Water Disposal; Disposal to natural hydrological systems by William R Johnston, Land application and retirement by William R Johnston, Evaporation ponds by Kenneth K Tanji, Constructed evaporation ponds, Pond hydrology, Pond water chemistry and mineralogy, Pond biology and toxicity, Biological, chemical and physical treatment options, Deep will injection by Robert T Burns, Concept and technology, Environmental considerations, Geological considerations, Case study; Chapter 7: Health Issues Related to Drainage Water Management by Martin S Fritsch; The interactions between drainage, water management and health, Water related diseases and their vectors, Incidence of diseases - cases and mortality, Vector-borne diseases: transmission by insects, Water-based diseases: transmission by aquatic and semi-aquatic snails, Water-borne excreta related infections, Health risks and chemical pollution, Integrated control of transmission of vector-borne diseases, Components of integrated control approaches, Environmental management for vector control, Environmental management measures in drainage water management, Drainage water treatment, re-use and disposal, Environmental management measures applied to drainage structures, Development of control strategies; Chapter 8: Institutional Arrangements by Ashok Subramanian; Issues and problems, Objectives and interest groups, Need for regulation, conservation and communication, Role of public and private agencies and water users, Institutional mechanisms, Laws and regulations, Corporate organizations, Participatory planning, Incentives for water quality enhancement, Monitoring, Institutional capacity.

Fully renewed and extended, this edition is a valuable source of information for anyone involved in drainage engineering and management. It provides new theories, technologies, knowledge and experiences in combination with traditional land development practices in the humid temperature zone. Aspects covered include: management and maintenance; drainage application and design; and adverse impacts on the environment. Intended as both a handbook and a textbook, this work is of particular value to university students as well as professionals within drainage development, engineering and management.