The concept of democracy is not new to India. In fact, the substance of self-government lies embedded in its hoary past. Nearly forty-one years ago the country adopted a Constitution based on the principles of liberty, equality, fraternity and the rule of law. India opted for parliamentary form of government because it suited the genius of the people. It elected nine Parliaments on the basis of universal adult franchise and was thus able to live up to the expectations of a political awakened electorate. The image of Parliament and its credibility as a representative institution largely depends on the role and functions of its Members. The objective of the present study is, therefore, to provide an analysis of the work done by the Ninth Lok Sabha (18 December, 1989 to 13 March, 1991) in major fields during its short but eventful life span (one year two months and twenty-six days). This sought to be done by means of articles by distinguished parliamentarians and others, and statements and statistical tables supplemented by brief introductory notes. An effort has also been made to present a comparative picture of the background of Members of the earlier Lok Sabha and the work done by them. One of the noteworthy features of the Ninth Lok Sabha, which held 7 sessions consisting of 109 sittings lasting over 754 hours, was the passing of as many as 63 Bills including 7 Constitution Ammendment Bills. Two of the important Bills passed were the -Prasar Bharati- (Broadcasting Corporation of India) Bill and the -National Commission for Women’ Bill. These may well be considered as landmarks in the history of enactments made by the Parliament. The Government can take credit for answering a staggering number of 21,550 questions on diverse subjects put to it by the members of the Ninth Lok Sabha. It is hoped that the study will be helpful to researchers, parliamentarians and all those who are engaged in a study of the working of parliamentary institutions and processes and enable them to form a picture of the tasks achieved and acquaint them with the diverse activities which a modern Parliament is called upon to perform.

The Indian Parliament is a bicameral legislature consisting of the President and two houses, the Rajya Sabha (Council of Ky) and Lok Sabha (House of the People). Although the President is not a member of either House of Representatives, he/ it is an integral part of Parliament and performs certain functions in connection with its work. Chairperson The President of the Republic is directly elected by an electorate consisting of elected members of the two Chambers of the National Assembly and elected members of the State Legislative Assembly for a term of five years and are eligible to re-elected to this position. The President is the constitutional head of state and in the exercise of all his functions, the President acting with the help and advice of the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers, accountable to the House of Commons, i.e. Lok Sabha. Although the Speaker is a constituent part of Parliament, the Speaker does not sit or participate in discussions or in of the two Institutes. As part of the constitutional functions relating to Parliament, the President convenes and both Houses from time to time and also have the power to dissolve the Lok Sabha. At the start of the first session after each general election in the Lok Sabha and at the beginning of the first session of Parliament each year, The President addressed the members of both houses gathered in the central chamber of Parliament. The President, among others, is empowered to send a message to either House, whether it is a pending bill. Congress or whatever. Some bills can only be introduced and prosecuted on the recommendation of the President. therefore obtained. Not only that, when both chambers are not in session and the President is satisfied that circumstances exist immediate action is required, the President issues an order of equal force as a law passed by Congress. The president's consent is required for a bill passed by both houses to become law.

Analysis of census statistics of Jammu and Kashmir that shows how data quality is impacted by different factors.

Reservation or affirmative action is a hugely controversial policy in India. While constitutionally mandated and with historians, political scientists and social activists convinced of its need, many resist it and consider it as compromising 'merit' and against the principle of equality of opportunity. In These Seats Are Reserved, Abhinav traces the history and making of the reservation policy. How were groups eligible for reservations identified and defined? How were the terms 'depressed classes' and 'backward classes' used in British India and how have they evolved into the constitutional concepts of 'Scheduled Castes', 'Scheduled Tribes', and 'Other Backward Classes' in the present day? The book delves into the intellectual debates that took place on this matter in the Constituent Assembly, the Supreme Court and Parliament. Several contentious issues are examined dispassionately: are reservations an exception to the principle of equality of opportunity? Do quotas in government service undermine efficiency? Can 'merit' really be defined neutrally? What is the thinking behind the rule that no more than 50 per cent of the available seats or positions can be reserved? Deeply researched and ably narrated, this volume is a compelling addition to every thinking individual's library.