Concerns relating to tourism, wildlife and the environment also need to be taken into account.

Eastern Africa’s livestock keepers face many challenges, not least the widespread prevalence of endemic diseases which both undermine animals’ productivity and increase livestock mortality. Tsetse- transmitted trypanosomosis causes significant economic losses, in particular in cattle. This study analyses these losses in a spatially explicit framework for the six tsetse-infested countries of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) region: Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan and Uganda. The cattle production systems of the region are diverse, ranging from pastoralism to agropastoralist and mixed crop-livestock farming. Some areas make extensive use of draught cattle or of high yielding crossbred dairy cows. Based on these features, twelve cattle production systems in the region were characterized and mapped. In these systems, the potential incomes from cattle production were modeled for a situation with and without trypanosomosis; the models looked at mortality, fertility, other productivity parameters and cattle population growth and expansion. The results of the analysis were used to generate a map of the potential benefits of controlling the disease. Estimates were then made of the costs of tsetse and trypanosomosis control using a range of techniques, namely: trypanocidal drugs; control or localized elimination of tsetse flies using insecticide-treated cattle or targets, aerial spraying and the sterile insect technique. The mapped potential benefits and mapped estimated costs were combined in order to produce a series of benefit-cost maps which illustrate what techniques are likely to be the most economically attractive in different areas of the study region. The suite of tools and economic analyses documented in this paper provide essential information to decision makers for comparing and prioritizing interventions in the region.

This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue "Environmentally Sustainable Livestock Production" that was published in Sustainability

Arthropod Vector: Controller of Disease Transmission, Volume 2: Vector Saliva-Host Pathogen Interactions is built on topics initially raised at a related Keystone Symposium on Arthropod Vectors. Together with the separate, related Volume 1: Controller of Disease Transmission, this work presents a logical sequence of topic development that leads to regulatory considerations for advancing these and related concepts for developing novel control measures. The three themes of symbionts, vector immune defenses and arthropod saliva modulation of the host environment are central to the concept of determinants of vector competence that involves all aspects of vector-borne pathogen development within the arthropod that culminates in the successful transmission to the vertebrate host. These three areas are characterized at the present time by rapid achievement of significant, incremental insights, which advances our understanding for a wide variety of arthropod vector species, and this work is the first to extensively integrate these themes. - Provides overviews of host defenses encountered by the blood feeding arthropod vector at the cutaneous interface - Addresses how these defenses are modulated by the vector, specific functions of vector saliva components, host response to vector-borne infectious agents and how vector-borne pathogens themselves modulate host defenses - Features expertly curated topics to ensure appropriate scope of coverage and aid integration of concepts and content across chapters

This state-of-the-art reference book includes comprehensive coverage of the biology and control of African, Asian and South American trypanosomiasis ("sleeping sickness") in man and animals. It describes recent research developments in the biology and molecular biology of trypanosomes (the protozoan parasite) and their vectors, and methods in diagnosis and control, such as trapping tsetse fly vectors. Different sections of the book are devoted to biology of trypanosomes, vector biology, epidemiology and diagnosis, pathogenesis, disease impact, chemotherapy and disease control, and vector control. The book contains contributions from leading experts from Europe, North and South America, and Africa.

This framework presents ten interrelated principles/elements to guide Sustainable Agricultural Mechanization in Africa (SAMA). Further, it presents the technical issues to be considered under SAMA and the options to be analysed at the country and sub regional levels. The ten key elements required in a framework for SAMA are as follows: The analysis in the framework calls for a specific approach, involving learning from other parts of the world where significant transformation of the agricultural mechanization sector has already occurred within a three-to-four decade time frame, and developing policies and programmes to realize Africa’s aspirations of Zero Hunger by 2025. This approach entails the identification and prioritization of relevant and interrelated elements to help countries develop strategies and practical development plans that create synergies in line with their agricultural transformation plans. Given the unique characteristics of each country and the diverse needs of Africa due to the ecological heterogeneity and the wide range of farm sizes, the framework avoids being prescriptive.