Los procesos de integración económica empezaron a ganar importancia a partir de la terminación de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, con motivaciones políticas en algunos casos y económicas In otros. Primeramente se iniciaron en Europa con el objetivo de alcanzar una paz duradera; buscaban a la vez que mediante el esfuerzo conjunto de las naciones de ese continente se marchara, los caminos del progreso y se llegara de esta manera a ocupar "posición en el mundo, al lado de los países más poderosos; de ahí surgió cuarenta años más tarde, como un avance más del camino de integración, la Unión Europea, gracias a los acuerdos Maastricht, suscritos solemnemente a principios de 1992 en la holandesa del mismo nombre. En Latinoamérica se siguió el mismo camino con miras a logar él desarrollo económico a través del mercado común latino:, no, al instituirse en 1960 la Asociación latinoamericana de Libre comercio, ALALC, y en Centroamérica, el Mercado Común Centroamericano; con el tiempo vinieron naciendo otros procesos diferentes sub-regiones del continente hasta surgir, en 1990, la de los Estados Unidos de América de crear la zona de libre comercio de las Américas, con la participación de todas las naciones del continente, desde Alaska hasta la Tierra del Fuego.

The Judicial Politics of Economic Integration analyses development strategies and regional integration in the Andean Community (the former Andean Pact), focusing on the establishment of the Andean Court of Justice and its case law, as well as the intellectual underpinnings that made such an impressive reform possible. The court is a transplant taken from the European integration process, and it materializes the visions, expectations, and dreams of the transnational development movement of "integration through law". The book discusses the outcomes of the Court in light of the debates about judicial reform in the process of development and regional integration. Although clearly confirming several earlier claims that "one size does not fit all", Osvaldo Saldias provides new insights into how legal transplants adapt and evolve, and how we can learn much more about legal reform from a project that presumably failed than from successful copies. The Andean Court of Justice is a remarkable example of an institution capable of adapting to political and economic challenges; therefore, in times of a severe European economic crisis we should not forget that we might improve our understanding of European integration by looking at developments in other regions. An interesting new study with an international focus, this book will be a fascinating read for students and scholars of Law and Latin American Studies.

A finales de los a os setenta las predicciones Para Am rica Latina apuntaban hacia la salida del subdesarrollo; 10 a os despu s la marginaci n y la pobreza eran mayores. Una de las explicaciones del fracaso se halla en la imposibilidad de la integraci n del subcontinente, que el autor analiza en este libro. Grien tambi n propone el esbozo de un acuerdo marco que podr a definir las pautas Para una nueva integraci n.

This book provides recent research on soft computing and fuzzy methodologies in innovation management and sustainability. The uncertainty in the business world is increasing. Significant changes are generated unexpectedly, so using fuzzy logic and soft computing methods allows us to create flexible scenarios adaptable to new realities. Within the book, we will find different applications of fuzzy methodologies that can apply to various topics such as sustainability, innovation, tourism, costs, exports, systems administration, among others. The book's main contribution is the applicability of the various methodologies to specific cases, which allows generating a relationship between theory and practice. In addition, it has some bibliometric studies on various topics that give us a visualization of what has happened and where multiple topics are headed. This book is recommended mainly for students who wish to know how the various fuzzy and soft computing tools can be taken to real situations, allowing a better understanding of these and generating new visions of future applicability.