"As French and American historians of France are revisiting the history of French racism today, William B. Cohen's book is more important than ever. It has become a classic." -- Nancy L. Green In this pioneering work, William B. Cohen traces the ways in which negative attitudes toward blacks became deeply embedded in French culture. Examining the forces that shaped these views, Cohen reveals the persistent inequality of French interactions with blacks in Africa, in the slave colonies of the West Indies, and in France itself. Now a classic, The French Encounter with Africans is essential reading for anyone engaged in current discussions of European relations with non-Europeans and with issues of racism, ethnicity, identity, colonialism, and empire.

These two volume present papers from the Fourth International Conference on the History of the Language Sciences (ICHoLS IV), held at the University of Trier, Germany, in August 1987. Volume 1 contains the following sections: I. Generalia; II. Antiquity; III. Arabic Linguistics; IV. Middle Ages; V. Renaissance; VI. 17th Century. Volume 2 continues with: VII. 18th Century; VIII. 19th Century; IX. 20th Century; and provides Author and Subject Indexes.

Cet ouvrage propose une méthode opérationnelle pour analyser une communication visuelle, principalement le packaging. Cette méthode, dénommée SEMIO-PACK©, permet de décoder les signes du packaging et d'établir son positionnement dans les moindres détails. Ses piliers méthodologiques sont empruntés aux discplines que sont la sémiotique, l'histoire de l'art, la communication et les sciences cognitives. Avant de présenter l'application de cette méthode à de nombreux packagings (couvrant une cinquantaine de catégories de produits grande consommation), l'ouvrage présente les fondements de la sémiotique puis les processus cognitifs et symboliques impliqués dans la perception visuelle. Cette méthode se révèle un outil indispensable pour optimiser les processus d'analyse et de création du packaging. Clés et codes du packaging s'adresse aux professionnels, étudiants et chercheurs dans les domaines du marketing, du design, de la communication et de la sémiotique ainsi qu'à toute personne curieuse de maîtriser les rouages de la communication visuelle.

This is a collection of essays on current questions of historiography, illustrated with reference to Islamic historiography. The main concerns are conceptions of time and temporality, the uses of the past, historical periodisation, historical categorisation, and the constitution of historical objects, not least those called "civilisation" and "Islam". One of the aims of the book is to apply to Islamic materials the standard conceptual equipment used in historical study, and to exercise a large-scale comparativist outlook.