This book can be described as a student's edition of the author's Dynamical Theory of Gases. It is written, however, with the needs of the student of physics and physical chemistry in mind, and those parts of which the interest was mainly mathematical have been discarded. This does not mean that the book contains no serious mathematical discussion; the discussion in particular of the distribution law is quite detailed; but in the main the mathematics is concerned with the discussion of particular phenomena rather than with the discussion of fundamentals.

This monograph is intended to provide a comprehensive description of the rela tion between kinetic theory and fluid dynamics for a time-independent behavior of a gas in a general domain. A gas in a steady (or time-independent) state in a general domain is considered, and its asymptotic behavior for small Knudsen numbers is studied on the basis of kinetic theory. Fluid-dynamic-type equations and their associated boundary conditions, together with their Knudsen-layer corrections, describing the asymptotic behavior of the gas for small Knudsen numbers are presented. In addition, various interesting physical phenomena derived from the asymptotic theory are explained. The background of the asymptotic studies is explained in Chapter 1, accord ing to which the fluid-dynamic-type equations that describe the behavior of a gas in the continuum limit are to be studied carefully. Their detailed studies depending on physical situations are treated in the following chapters. What is striking is that the classical gas dynamic system is incomplete to describe the behavior of a gas in the continuum limit (or in the limit that the mean free path of the gas molecules vanishes). Thanks to the asymptotic theory, problems for a slightly rarefied gas can be treated with the same ease as the corresponding classical fluid-dynamic problems. In a rarefied gas, a temperature field is di rectly related to a gas flow, and there are various interesting phenomena which cannot be found in a gas in the continuum limit.

This self-contained book is an up-to-date description of the basic theory of molecular gas dynamics and its various applications. The book, unique in the literature, presents working knowledge, theory, techniques, and typical phenomena in rarefied gases for theoretical development and application. Basic theory is developed in a systematic way and presented in a form easily applied for practical use. In this work, the ghost effect and non-Navier–Stokes effects are demonstrated for typical examples—Bénard and Taylor–Couette problems—in the context of a new framework. A new type of ghost effect is also discussed.

This book consists of two parts, theory and applications. Part I introduces the kinetic theory of gases with relevance to molecular energies and intermolecular forces. Part II focuses on how these theories are used to explain real techniques and phenomena involving gases. By stressing the practical implications, the book explains the theory of gas dynamics in a highly readable and comprehensive manner.

This book introduces physics students and teachers to the historical development of the kinetic theory of gases, by providing a collection of the most important contributions by Clausius, Maxwell and Boltzmann, with introductory surveys explaining their significance. In addition, extracts from the works of Boyle, Newton, Mayer, Joule, Helmholtz, Kelvin and others show the historical context of ideas about gases, energy and irreversibility. In addition to five thematic essays connecting the classical kinetic theory with 20th century topics such as indeterminism and interatomic forces, there is an extensive international bibliography of historical commentaries on kinetic theory, thermodynamics, etc. published in the past four decades.The book will be useful to historians of science who need primary and secondary sources to be conveniently available for their own research and interpretation, along with the bibliography which makes it easier to learn what other historians have already done on this subject.

7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Rotational Energy Exchange Models -- 7.2.1 Constant Collision Number -- 7.2.2 The Parker Model -- 7.2.3 Variable Probability Exchange Model of Boyd -- 7.2.4 Nonequilibrium Direction Dependent Model -- 7.2.5 Model Results -- 7.3 Vibrational Energy Exchange Models -- 7.3.1 Constant Collision Number -- 7.3.2 The Millikan-White Model -- 7.3.3 Quantized Treatment for Vibration -- 7.3.4 Model Results -- 7.4 Dissociation Chemical Reactions -- 7.4.1 Total Collision Energy Model -- 7.4.2 Redistribution of Energy Following a Dissociation Reaction -- 7.4.3 Vibrationally Favored Dissociation Model -- 7.5 General Chemical Reactions -- 7.5.1 Reaction Rates and Equilibrium Constant -- 7.5.2 Backward Reaction Rates in DSMC -- 7.5.3 Three-Body Recombination Reactions -- 7.5.4 Post-Reaction Energy Redistribution and General Implementation -- 7.5.5 DSMC Solutions for Reacting Flows -- 7.6 Summary -- Appendix A: Generating Particle Properties -- Appendix B: Collisional Quantities -- Appendix C: Determining Post-Collision Velocities -- Appendix D: Macroscopic Properties -- Appendix E: Common Integrals -- References -- Index