Knowledge existing in modern information systems usually comes from many sources and is mapped in many ways. There is a real need for representing “knowledge pieces” as rather universal objects that should fit to multi-purpose a- ing systems. According to great number of information system’s tasks, knowledge representation is more or less detailed (e.g. some level of its granularity is - sumed). The main goal of this paper is to present chosen aspects of expressing granularity of knowledge implemented in intelligent systems. One of the main r- sons of granularity phenomena is diversification of knowledge sources, therefore the next section is devoted to this issue. 2. Heterogeneous Knowledge as a Source for Intelligent Systems Knowledge, the main element of so-called intelligent applications and systems, is very often heterogeneous. This heterogeneity concerns the origin of knowledge, its sources as well as its final forms of presentation. In this section the selected c- teria of knowledge differentiation will be presented, in the context of potential sources of knowledge acquisition. In Fig. 1 an environment of intelligent systems is shown, divided into different knowledge sources for the system. Fig. 1. Potential knowledge sources for intelligent information/reasoning system. Source: own elaboration based on (Mach, 2007) p. 24.

This volume comprises the 6th IFIP International Conference on Intelligent Infor- tion Processing. As the world proceeds quickly into the Information Age, it encounters both successes and challenges, and it is well recognized nowadays that intelligent information processing provides the key to the Information Age and to mastering many of these challenges. Intelligent information processing supports the most - vanced productive tools that are said to be able to change human life and the world itself. However, the path is never a straight one and every new technology brings with it a spate of new research problems to be tackled by researchers; as a result we are not running out of topics; rather the demand is ever increasing. This conference provides a forum for engineers and scientists in academia and industry to present their latest research findings in all aspects of intelligent information processing. This is the 6th IFIP International Conference on Intelligent Information Processing. We received more than 50 papers, of which 35 papers are included in this program as regular papers and 4 as short papers. We are grateful for the dedicated work of both the authors and the referees, and we hope these proceedings will continue to bear fruit over the years to come. All papers submitted were reviewed by two referees. A conference such as this cannot succeed without help from many individuals who contributed their valuable time and expertise.

Intelligent Information Processing presents new research with special emphasis on knowledge-based system architecture and intelligent information management. The following topics are addressed: -Agent-based Computing; -Semantic Web and Learning; -Ontology Management; -Semantic Web Architecture; -Knowledge-engineering Frameworks; -Knowledge-system Structure; -Data Mining; -Methods and Tools for Identifying Communities of Practice; and -Implementing Problem Solvers.

This book reports on new theories and applications in the field of intelligent systems and computing. It covers computational and artificial intelligence methods, as well as advances in computer vision, current issues in big data and cloud computing, computation linguistics, and cyber-physical systems. It also reports on important topics in intelligent information management. Written by active researchers, the respective chapters are based on selected papers presented at the XIV International Scientific and Technical Conference on Computer Science and Information Technologies (CSIT 2019), held on September 17–20, 2019, in Lviv, Ukraine. The conference was jointly organized by the Lviv Polytechnic National University, Ukraine, the Kharkiv National University of Radio Electronics, Ukraine, and the Technical University of Lodz, Poland, under patronage of Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine. Given its breadth of coverage, the book provides academics and professionals with extensive information and a timely snapshot of the field of intelligent systems, and is sure to foster new discussions and collaborations among different groups.

This book introduces a new, rapidly expanding area in computer science and artificial intelligence. Brain-like computing combines traditional computational techniques with cognitive models inspired by the brain, for building information systems. Image and speech processing, creative planning and design, adaptive control, knowledge acquisition, and database mining, are only a few areas where brain-like computing is applied.

The book includes all the background material required to understand the principles underlying intelligence, as well as enough detailed information on intelligent robotics and simulated agents so readers can begin experiments and projects on their own. By the mid-1980s researchers from artificial intelligence, computer science, brain and cognitive science, and psychology realized that the idea of computers as intelligent machines was inappropriate. The brain does not run "programs"; it does something entirely different. But what? Evolutionary theory says that the brain has evolved not to do mathematical proofs but to control our behavior, to ensure our survival. Researchers now agree that intelligence always manifests itself in behavior—thus it is behavior that we must understand. An exciting new field has grown around the study of behavior-based intelligence, also known as embodied cognitive science, "new AI," and "behavior-based AI." This book provides a systematic introduction to this new way of thinking. After discussing concepts and approaches such as subsumption architecture, Braitenberg vehicles, evolutionary robotics, artificial life, self-organization, and learning, the authors derive a set of principles and a coherent framework for the study of naturally and artificially intelligent systems, or autonomous agents. This framework is based on a synthetic methodology whose goal is understanding by designing and building. The book includes all the background material required to understand the principles underlying intelligence, as well as enough detailed information on intelligent robotics and simulated agents so readers can begin experiments and projects on their own. The reader is guided through a series of case studies that illustrate the design principles of embodied cognitive science.