In the decades following the globalization of the world economy, trafficking, forced labor and modern slavery have emerged as significant global problems. States negotiated the Palermo Protocol in 2000 under which they agreed to criminalize trafficking, primarily understood as an issue of serious organized crime. Sixteen years later, leading academics, activists and policy makers from international organizations come together in this edited volume and adopt an inter-disciplinary, multi-stakeholder approach to revisit trafficking through the lens of labor migration and extreme exploitation and, in the process, rethink the law and governance of trafficking. This volume considers many key factors, including the evolving international law on trafficking, the relationship between trafficking, slavery, indenture and domestic migration law and policy as well as newly emergent techniques of governance, including indicators, all with a view to furthering prospects for lasting economic justice in a globalized world.

This guide proposes a multi-faceted approach to combating and preventing human trafficking, by including a broad range of useful legal frameworks as well as institutional actors. If offers lawmakers and law enforcement authorities (both police and labour inspectors) with practical aid to understand and implement international standards on human trafficking and to take action accordingly, in particular from the viewpoint of forced labour and child labour. The broad spectrum of sanctions - criminal, administrative and civil - are highlighted and the guide demonstrates the importance of immigration and labour law, especially with regard to the identification, protection and rehabilitation of victims as well as the monitoring of recruiters and other auxiliaries.

What is human trafficking? Despite legislative developments and national and international interventions, we still lack firm definitions, estimates of its full extent, effective responses to perpetrators and sound survivor care. This volume critically examines the competing discourses surrounding human trafficking, the conceptual basis of global responses and the impact of these horrific acts worldwide.

This edited volume, Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking, is a collection of reviewed and relevant research chapters, offering a comprehensive overview of recent developments in the field of modern slavery and human trafficking. The book comprises single chapters authored by various researchers and edited by an expert active in the aforementioned research area. Each chapter is complete in itself but united under a common research study topic. This publication aims at providing a thorough overview of the latest research efforts by international authors on modern slavery and human trafficking, and opening new possible research paths for further novel developments.

Trafficking in human beings (THB) has been described as modern slavery. It is a serious criminal activity that has significant ramifications for the human rights of the victims. It poses major challenges to the state, society and individual victims. THB is not a static given but a constantly changing concept depending on societal changes and opinions, economic situations and legal developments. THB occurs both transnationally and within countries. The complexity of THB is such that it requires a wide range of expertise fully to address the phenomenon. Edited by a team of leading international academics, the Routledge Handbook of Human Trafficking will provide an interdisciplinary introduction to THB. It is aimed at academics, students, research universities and non-governmental organisations, as well as policy makers. It will review THB through the lens of law, anthropology, social and political science and will address statistical, data protection issues and showcase the most effective research methods, analyse the various actors and stakeholders and the different types of exploitation of trafficked persons. It will critically highlight and analyse the most pressing current challenges posed by THB.

According to UNICEF, human trafficking generates a staggering 32 billion dollars in profits each year. Human trafficking takes place all around the world, affecting nearly every country, rich and poor. Women, girls, and migrants are extremely vulnerable to traffickers, who coerce them into sexual exploitation and forced labor. How can the international community allow such terrible criminal networks to flourish? This informative volume offers a diverse array of case studies, first-person accounts, and analyses from experts in the field to provide a full picture of what has been called a pandemic of the twenty-first century.

The 2000 Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations (UN) Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, is a noteworthy achievement and, crucially, provides the first internationally agreed definition of the human trafficking. However, it fails to provide clarity as to the exact scope and meaning of exploitation. Instead, it provides an open-ended list of forms of exploitation that ''at a minimum'' amount to exploitation. The international definition's preference for an enumerative approach has subsequently been replicated in most regional and domestic legal instruments. In the absence of a clear definition of exploitation, it is difficult to draw the line between exploitation in terms of violations of labour rights and extreme forms of exploitation such as those listed in the UN Protocol; namely, forced or compulsory labour, practices similar to slavery and slavery. This book addresses this legal gap by seeking to conceptualise labour exploitation in criminal law. The book uses exploitation theory to understand its application in law. The legal and theoretical analysis of exploitation first identifies the foundational elements of exploitation and then applies them to a comparative, empirical, domestic criminal case law analysis of two European national legal orders: Belgium and England & Wales. The book concludes with a proposition for a legal conceptualisation of labour exploitation that identifies the necessary and sufficient conditions that are required to determine whether or not the involuntary provision of work or services amounts to labour exploitation. The book's presentation of an evidence-based conceptualisation of labour exploitation is not only of added value for scholars but also for legal practitioners, policy makers and civil society representatives who are required to interpret and apply human trafficking law policy and practice in order to determine the existence (or not) of exploitative working conditions.