Dictionary of places, people and events in Azerbaijan history.

This new edition of Historical Dictionary of Azerbaijan contains a chronology, an introduction, appendixes, and an extensive bibliography. The dictionary section has over 500 cross-referenced entries on important personalities, politics, economy, foreign relations, religion, and culture.

There are two Armenias: the current Republic of Armenia and historic Armenia. The modern state dates from the early 20th century. Historic Armenia was part of the ancient world and expired in the Middle Ages. Its people, however, survived, and from its residue recreated a new country. The history of the Armenians is the story of how an ancient people endured into modern times and how its culture evolved from one conceived under the influence of Mesopotamia to one redefined by the civilization of Europe. The second edition of the Historical Dictionary of Armenia relates the turbulent past of this persistent country through a chronology, an introductory essay, a bibliography, and over 200 cross-referenced dictionary entries on significant persons, events, places, organizations, and other aspects of Armenian history from the earliest times to the present.

Situated in the breathtaking Caucasus Mountains between the Black and the Caspian Seas, the country of Georgia sits at the crossroads between Europe and Asia; it has gone through more turbulence and change in the last twenty five years—the casting off of the Soviet regime, a civil war, two ethno-territorial conflicts, economic collapse, corruption, government inefficiency, and massive emigration—than most countries go through in 250 years. This small nation's strategic location at the crossroads of different civilizations has been a curse as well as a blessing. Once a battlefield between the ancient empires and the Christian and Islamic worlds, today it is caught between its NATO aspirations and its location in Russia’s backyard. Yet, despite all challenges and hardships, this resilient and ancient country, with thousands of years of winemaking, three-thousand years of statehood, and almost two millennia of Christianity, continues to survive and thrive. This book uses its chronology; glossary; introduction; appendixes; maps; bibliography; and over 900 hundred cross-referenced dictionary entries on important persons, places, events and institutions, as well as significant political, economic, social, and cultural aspects to trace Georgia's history and predict its future. This historical dictionary is an excellent access point for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more about Georgia.

Over 8,000 entries providing phonetic pronunciation and a comprehensive modern vocabulary.

This textbook, "The History of Azerbaijan" was written in accordance with the existing academic-thematic programme in this area of study. The history of the country is described starting from ancient times to the beginning of the 21st century. The maps in this book were originally published in the work "The Historical Geography of Azerbaijan" (Baku, 1986). This textbook is intended for students, lecturers and non-specialists working in the educational system as well as for the general reader with an interest in Azerbaijan.

This dictionary contains 12,500 word pairs in English and Azerbaijani. Each word is identified for its part of speech. There is also a guide to English and Azerbaijani Pronunciation and Grammar. Azerbaijani is spoken primarily by the Azerbaijanis, who are concentrated mainly in Transcaucasia. The language has official status in Azerbaijan and Dagestan (a federal subject of Russia) but not in Iranian Azerbaijan where the majority of Azeri speakers live. The language is also spoken to lesser varying degrees in Azerbaijani communities of Georgia, Iraq, and Turkey. Azerbaijani has two primary divisions, North Azerbaijani (spoken in the Republic of Azerbaijan and Russia) and South Azerbaijani (spoken in Iran), and is closely related to Turkish, Qashqai, Turkmen and Crimean Tatar, sharing varying degrees of mutual intelligibility with each of those languages. North Azerbaijani and South Azerbaijani are sometimes classified as separate languages. North Azerbaijani is spoken in Azerbaijan, where is the official language, and also southern Dagestan, in the southern Caucasus Mountains and in parts of Central Asia. There are around 7.3 million native speakers, and another 8 million second language speakers. South Azerbaijani has about 16.9 million speakers mainly in the northwest of Iran and also in parts of Iraq and Turkey, and in Afghanistan and Syria. Since 1992, the Latin Alphabet has been adopted and we now have essentially a full generation of people who have used this alphabet. This dictionary focuses on this orthography. Azerbaijani is a very phonetic language, so pronunciation is very easy. Most words are pronounced exactly as they are spelled in modern Azeri alphabet.