The editors are pleased to submit to the readers the state of the art in high energy physics as it appears at the beginning of 1979. Great appreciation is extended to Mrs. Helga S. Billings and Mrs. Connie Wardy for their assistance with the conference and skillful typing of the proceedings which was done with great enthusiasm and dedication. Orbis Scientiae 1979 received some support from the Department of Energy. The Editors v CONTENTS Evidence for Quarks from Neutrino-Nucleon Scattering...... 1 F. Sciulli Direct Experimental Evidence for Constituents in the Nucleon from Electromagnetic Scattering Experiments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 . . . . . . . . . . Karl Berkelman Physics After T and T 79 A. Pais Protons Are Not Forever................................... 91 D. V. Nanopoulos Gauge Hierarchies in Unified Theories..................... 115 Itzhak Bars Anomalies, Unitarity and Renormalizatior................... 133 Paul H. Frampton Charm Particle Production by Neutrinos.................... 139 N.P. Samios 34 Techniques to Search for Proton Instability to 10 Years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 . . . . . . . . . . . .

This volume contains the greater part of the papers submitted to the High Energy Physics portion of the 1983 Orbis Scientiae, then dedicated to the eightieth year of Professor P. A. M. Dirac. Before the vol,ume could be published, Professor Dirac passed away on October 20, 1984, thereby changing the dedication of this volume, and its companion, on Information Processing in Biology, to his everlasting memory. Since 1969, Professor Dirac had given the opening address at each of these conferences. He was unable to prepare a manuscript of his last paper in 1983. His impact on science already has been enormous. The consequences of his thought and work for future developments are incalculable. Regrettably, Professor Dirac's last appearance at this series of conferences, begun in 1964 as the Coral Gables Conference on Symmetry Principles at High Energy, coincided with the twentieth, and the last of these. The work and expense involved in organizing them and preparing the proceedings have corne to far exceed the physical capabilities and the support received by the Center for Theoretical Studies for this program. The delayed appearance of these proceedings, for which the editors humbly apologize, is a manifestation of the inadequate support. On the other hand, the organizers and editors thank the many distinguished participants who, over the years, made these meetings exciting and productive arenas for the dissemination of ideas in high energy physics and related fields.

In this centennial year of Albert Einstein's birth, physicists are inspired more than ever and most enthusiastic to talk about the scientific works and human side of the greatest scientist of 'all time. Only until two decades ago, the General Theory of Relativity was not included in most university graduate programs - it remained as a separate discipline in physics, to be studied sometime in the future if time could be alloted for it. Albert Einstein regarded general relativity as his greatest achievement in physics compared to all other epoch-making contributions he made, including the dis covery of special relativity, photoelectric effect (the concept of photon), statistical analysis of emission and absorption of radiation by atoms in a gas, Brownian motion, and a host of other profound con tributions to physics. Now his theory of gravitation described within the framework'-of general relativity is being recognized with increasing importance with the passage of time. Einstein is becoming even greater with time. His General Theory of Relativity does, so far, describe successfully the heavenly phenomena associated with pulsars, black holes, 3 degree K fossil cosmic radiation left over from the big bang, expansion of the Uni verse, quasars, supernovae phenomena, and many other cosmic sequences of events. The fundamental significance of gravitation, the new picture of space and time concepts for the elementary particles, and the possible relation between the smallest and the largest is now being studied with greater appreciation and better understanding.

Recent experimental results with direct bearing on theories of cosmological dark matter/energy, as well as continuing work on neutrino masses and mixing, have invigorated both particle physics and cosmology, and should continue to do so well into the 21st century, thereby launching a beautiful new epoch for these fields. The expert contributions from this conference took stock of these developments. This volume contains papers by over 40 physicists that summarize and interpret the newest findings, and suggest future avenues to be explored. A number of new theoretical ideas are also presented, dealing with progress in understanding the dynamics and symmetries of strings and branes, renormalization in quantum field theory, possible Lorentz violation effects, and related problems. Ongoing and next generation gravitational and neutrino experiments are described, and the issues of unification are dealt with in the context of, and beyond, the standard model. Together, the contributions provide a useful blend of experimental and theoretical physics from many prominent physicists, including three Nobel Laureates. The volume also contains information of an historical nature, concerning the contributions to physics by Paul Frampton, on the occasion of his 60th year, and summarizing the career of Behram Kursunoglu (1922-2003).

We respectfully submit these proceedings of the 1982 Orbis Scientiae for your reading enjoyment. As always, the success of the conference was due to the hard work and wisdom of the moderators and dissertators. This year, in addition to the excellent overview of QCD and GUT, and the customary reports of the latest progress in theoretical and experimental particle physics, there have been discussions of new developments in astrophysics and especially of field theory and composite models. We wish also to note here that the 1981 Orbis paper by Stephen S. Pinsky on "Death of Fractional Topological Charge" was actually co-authored by William F. Palmer of Ohio State University, whose name was inadvertently omitted from the authorship, due to a series of misunderstandings. As in the past, this Orbis Scientiae 1982 was supported on a small scale by the Department of Energy, and this year as well by the National Science Foundation, on the same scale. We would like to thank Mrs. Helga S. Billings for her excellent typing for the n-th time, where n is a large number. This series of proceedings is also enhanced by Linda Scott's editorial help which includes improvements in the presentation of some of the papers.