Alphonse-Joseph-Auguste Gratry (1805-1872) was born in Lille, northern France, of irreligious parents and lived during a time of endless revolution. As a young man, he underwent a powerful conversion in which he experienced a mystical vision of a world based on truth and justice. This determined the course of his future life. A classically educated scholar, he studied engineering at the outstanding ?cole Polytechnique, completed a doctorate on the scientific method in Strasbourg (1840), was ordained a priest, and later obtained a doctorate in letters and a licentiate in theology. Moved by the events of 1848, he published his first book in the form of a social catechism on the necessity for a systematic response to the needs of society. In a parallel initiative to that of Blessed John Henry Cardinal Newman in England, he relaunched the Congregation of the Oratory in Paris (1852) with Pierre Petetot to raise intellectual standards among the clergy after the Revolution. A charismatic individual, well known as a distinguished logician, theologian, social thinker, and outstanding educator, preacher, and spiritual director, his major philosophical works appeared in the 1850s. The French Academy recognized his genius with election to the chair held by Voltaire a century earlier. Gratry fell into disfavor for his adhesion to the International Peace League on the eve of France's war with Germany, and for his stand in regard to papal infallibility before Vatican I (a position largely vindicated in Vatican II), but he accepted the much narrower declaration once it was made. His most famous work, Les Sources, widely published until World War II, offers a plan of studies and a plan of life which reflect Gratry's philosophy of the person. The Christian Democratic Parties, the French lay movement Le Sillon, the Young Christian Workers (YCW), and the writings of Peter Maurin, mentor to today's Catholic Worker movement, witness to his foundational and comprehensive influence. For the first time in English, we have Julian Marias's (1914-2005) clear and accessible study (5th ed.) on the core of Alphonse Gratry's philosophy. Although he lived more than a century ago (1805-1872), Gratry addresses issues of concern today: the ontology of the human person with its body/soul unity; the intrinsic relationship of individuals to society and nature; and the problem of God. Recognized as a master in his lifetime with the rapid reprinting of his Logic, The Knowledge of God, and The Knowledge of the Soul, Gratry was relegated to near oblivion less than seventy years later with the rejection of metaphysics and the rise of Positivism. Marias reclaims Gratry's place in the history of philosophy and thoroughly explains Gratry's original logic "written from the point of view of the juncture of philosophy and the human spirit." He shows how Gratry's theory of induction, in Plato's original and foundational sense (Rep. VI), forms the heart of his metaphysics of knowledge-the science of transcendence by which the mind intellectually apprehends all reality: corporeal, psychic, and divine. Gratry thus establishes a complete ontology of the human person-rational, free, and endowed with a three-fold sense: external, intimate (sens intime), and divine-dependent on unlimited being or God. Gratry's original logic and metaphysics stands on its own philosophical basis, but in Chapter 6, "Five Interior Adventures," Marias includes a parallel, existential foundation drawn from Gratry's private journal. This reveals how the young atheist underwent a series of near mystical experiences which gave him an inescapable awareness of God and confronted him with the moral choice for or against this reality. In this extraordinarily lucid study, we now have access to the complete thought of Gratry, giving scholar and student, as Marias observes, a seemingly providential body of work needed in our time.

Thorough and lucid survey of Western philosophy from pre-Socratics to mid 20th century — major figures, currents, trends. Valuable section on contemporary philosophy — Brentano, Ortega, Heidegger, others. "Brevity and clarity of exposition..." — Ethics.

Félix Ravaisson's French Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century is one of the most influential and pivotal texts of modern French thought. Commissioned by the Minister of Public Instruction as one of a series of reports to record the progress of the French sciences and humanities for Paris' second world fair, the 1867 Exposition universelle d'arts et d'industrie, it was published with the others the following year. In the report Ravaisson argues, with verve and generosity, and with an unparalleled command of the century's intellectual developments, that the myriad voices in nineteenth-century French thinking were beginning to form a chorus, one that was advancing towards a new, more concrete form of spiritualist philosophy able to resist materialist, mechanist and sensualist doctrines while incorporating recent developments in the life-sciences. As Henri Bergson noted, it effected a "profound change of orientation in university philosophy" and for decades afterwards students learnt its concluding sections by heart in order to pass public examinations. Bergson's own Creative Evolution, which made him the world's most celebrated living philosopher at the end of the long nineteenth century, is, with its psychological interpretation of biological evolution, a direct expression of the new philosophical orientation that Ravaisson had divined in the report.