Modern republicanism - distinguished from its classical counterpart by its commercial character and jealous distrust of those in power, by its use of representative institutions, and by its employment of a separation of powers and a system of checks and balances - owes an immense debt to the republican experiment conducted in England between 1649, when Charles I was executed, and 1660, when Charles II was crowned. Though abortive, this experiment left a legacy in the political science articulated both by its champions, John Milton, Marchamont Nehdham, and James Harrington, and by its sometime opponent and ultimate supporter Thomas Hobbes. This volume examines these four thinkers, situates them with regard to the novel species of republicanism first championed more than a century before by Niccolo Machiavelli, and examines the debt that he and they owed the Epicurean tradition in philosophy and the political science crafted by the Arab philosophers Alfarabi, Avicenna, and Averroes.

Although by its title, this book seems to be about a specialized topic, the spread of Mithraic societies and its avatars (in time and geographical expanse) enhances its relevancy. From Roman legionaries to chivalry orders, from dervish circles to guild organizations, and from Freemasons to French revolutionaries, the hierarchy of Mithraic societies, their initiation rites, and their oaths of secrecy, provided a model for brotherhood organization that was efficient, but also flexible. They could adapt their philosophy to the prevailing politico-religion conditions of the day, because they did not worship any particular god, but could also be comrades in arms with nascent religious movements, such as with Christianity. Mithra was the initial guarantor of their oath, and if need be it could be replaced by Jesus, Allah or any other divinity. Their "religion" was their brotherhood, and as such they usually provided a counter-balance to the power elite, and had the potential to become politically active.

This monograph deals with the figurative and symbolic system in the novel “Oblomov” by I. A. Goncharov: it presents different interpretations of the image of Oblomov, demonstrates its complexity, organic combination of the typical and the individual. The author reveals the most significant artistic techniques of creating characters, typical for the novel and for the writer’s individual style in general. The study gives aesthetic characteristics of the novel characters, defines their artistic role and reveals polysemanticism in the novel structure. The “Supplement” presents a reflective hero in Russian literature and Soviet cinema (from Onegin and Oblomov to Zilov). The characteristic features of the literary type of “superfluous person” are highlighted in N. Mikhalkov’s film “A Few Days from the Life of I. I. Oblomov,” as well as in A. Vampilov’s play “Duck Hunting” and in its film adaptation “Vacation in September,” directed by V. Melnikov. The monograph is addressed to teachers and pupils, professors and students of philological faculties, as well as to everyone who reads and loves literature.