A compilation of 3M voices, memories, facts and experiences from the company's first 100 years.

Written by the leading experts in computational materials science, this handy reference concisely reviews the most important aspects of plasticity modeling: constitutive laws, phase transformations, texture methods, continuum approaches and damage mechanisms. As a result, it provides the knowledge needed to avoid failures in critical systems udner mechanical load. With its various application examples to micro- and macrostructure mechanics, this is an invaluable resource for mechanical engineers as well as for researchers wanting to improve on this method and extend its outreach.

"Biochar is the carbon-rich product when biomass (such as wood, manure, or crop residues) is heated in a closed container with little or no available air. It can be used to improve agriculture and the environment in several ways, and its stability in soil and superior nutrient-retention properties make it an ideal soil amendment to increase crop yields. In addition to this, biochar sequestration, in combination with sustainable biomass production, can be carbon-negative and therefore used to actively remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, with major implications for mitigation of climate change. Biochar production can also be combined with bioenergy production through the use of the gases that are given off in the pyrolysis process.This book is the first to synthesize the expanding research literature on this topic. The book's interdisciplinary approach, which covers engineering, environmental sciences, agricultural sciences, economics and policy, is a vital tool at this stage of biochar technology development. This comprehensive overview of current knowledge will be of interest to advanced students, researchers and professionals in a wide range of disciplines"--Provided by publisher.

The book provides a comprehensive overview of electromigration and its effects on the reliability of electronic circuits. It introduces the physical process of electromigration, which gives the reader the requisite understanding and knowledge for adopting appropriate counter measures. A comprehensive set of options is presented for modifying the present IC design methodology to prevent electromigration. Finally, the authors show how specific effects can be exploited in present and future technologies to reduce electromigration’s negative impact on circuit reliability.

Describes the weldability aspects of structural materials used in a wide variety of engineering structures, including steels, stainless steels, Ni-base alloys, and Al-base alloys Welding Metallurgy and Weldability describes weld failure mechanisms associated with either fabrication or service, and failure mechanisms related to microstructure of the weldment. Weldability issues are divided into fabrication and service related failures; early chapters address hot cracking, warm (solid-state) cracking, and cold cracking that occur during initial fabrication, or repair. Guidance on failure analysis is also provided, along with examples of SEM fractography that will aid in determining failure mechanisms. Welding Metallurgy and Weldability examines a number of weldability testing techniques that can be used to quantify susceptibility to various forms of weld cracking. Describes the mechanisms of weldability along with methods to improve weldability Includes an introduction to weldability testing and techniques, including strain-to-fracture and Varestraint tests Chapters are illustrated with practical examples based on 30 plus years of experience in the field Illustrating the weldability aspects of structural materials used in a wide variety of engineering structures, Welding Metallurgy and Weldability provides engineers and students with the information needed to understand the basic concepts of welding metallurgy and to interpret the failures in welded components.