Seminar paper from the year 2009 in the subject Economics - Macro-economics, general, grade: 1,0, Berlin School of Economics, course: Arbeitsmärkte und Sozialstaat in Europa, language: English, abstract: Though EU commissar Spidla speaks, in 2006, about a "demographic time bomb" which needs to be disarmed1, a study suggests that back in 2003 52 percent of the German population has not even heard about the term "demographic change." Even if these figures are a bit outdated they show that discussion concerning this topic continues between experts and politicians and has been a long-time taking to reach the broader populace. Nowadays, word has spread. The topic has become more pressing on political agendas, national and international summits. In the 2007 Adecco Fitness Survey, European companies invision the demographic change as the second biggest business challenge, following Globalization. The UN has been pressing the issue of ageing populations since the 1940s and forecasts that the number of people over 60 years old will have tripled by 2050. For the first time in history, this figure will exceed that of the number of children (0 - 14 years). However, these aggregated figures do not show that these developments have taken place differently across the globe. Europe is experiencing the most rapid ageing, and the number of old people is already higher than the number of young people. This may explain why demographic change now has such a high priority in EU policies. Nico van Nimwegen, deputy director of the Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute notes that the ageing problem is the dominant challenge the EU is facing. He sees the implications of this trend and the need for action and policy change in various areas. Employment has been recognized as one of these target areas. The ageing of the population has important repercussions on the available labor force and thus impacts economic prospects as a whole. This paper will analyze demographic changes and

Seminar paper from the year 2009 in the subject Economics - Macro-economics, general, grade: 1,0, Berlin School of Economics, course: Arbeitsmärkte und Sozialstaat in Europa, language: English, abstract: Though EU commissar Špidla speaks, in 2006, about a “demographic time bomb” which needs to be disarmed1, a study suggests that back in 2003 52 percent of the German population has not even heard about the term “demographic change.” Even if these figures are a bit outdated they show that discussion concerning this topic continues between experts and politicians and has been a long-time taking to reach the broader populace. Nowadays, word has spread. The topic has become more pressing on political agendas, national and international summits. In the 2007 Adecco Fitness Survey, European companies invision the demographic change as the second biggest business challenge, following Globalization. The UN has been pressing the issue of ageing populations since the 1940s and forecasts that the number of people over 60 years old will have tripled by 2050. For the first time in history, this figure will exceed that of the number of children (0 – 14 years). However, these aggregated figures do not show that these developments have taken place differently across the globe. Europe is experiencing the most rapid ageing, and the number of old people is already higher than the number of young people. This may explain why demographic change now has such a high priority in EU policies. Nico van Nimwegen, deputy director of the Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute notes that the ageing problem is the dominant challenge the EU is facing. He sees the implications of this trend and the need for action and policy change in various areas. Employment has been recognized as one of these target areas. The ageing of the population has important repercussions on the available labor force and thus impacts economic prospects as a whole. This paper will analyze demographic changes and their impacts on the labor markets. It will begin with an overview of Europe’s demographic development and its driving forces. The subsequent impacts on the labor force will then be discussed followed by an overview of different proposed policy options and how they could help circumvent the consequences of demographic change. Here the goal shall not be to detail single policy measures, but to unveil areas in which policy action needs to be considered. Particular policies have to be chosen carefully by each country in accordance to its individual situation and institutional framework. Finally, the findings of this paper will be reviewed and a final conclusion will be given.

Seminar paper from the year 2012 in the subject Leadership and Human Resources - Miscellaneous, grade: 1,3, University of Cologne, language: English, abstract: Demographic change, the "war for talent", global competition - key words that companies should seriously deal with. Whether in trade magazines, regional newspapers, Internet articles and television news - in all media the issues of demographic change and shortage of skilled labor are omnipresent. The population in Europe is growing older due to the high living standards, while the birth rate is alarming low1. The population of working age will be strongly influenced by the older workers and decline in the longterm period from 2015 on2. Due to quantitative and qualitative imbalances in the labor market in many industries qualified young professionals are missing, while the in-house workforce is getting older continuously. Demographic change and the resulting consequences for companies are often underestimated or ignored. Companies should have taken precautions much earlier. Strong action is required now. But how can companies overcome the "demographic gap"? The aim of this paper is to analyze demographic changes and their impacts on the labor markets. The paper will begin with brief r e view of Europe’s demographic development and its driving forces followed by an overview of different proposed countermeasures to prevent the consequences of demographic change. [...] 1 Euröpäisches Statistikamt (eurostat) online: Fewer, older and multicultural? Projections of the EU populations by foreign/national background (2012), P. 5 2 eurostat online: National reports on the demographic developments in 2010 (2012 edition)0

The age-distribution of Europe’s workforce has shifted towards older workers over the past few decades, a process expected to accelerate in the years ahead.. This paper studies the effect of the aging of the workforce on labor productivity, identifies the main transmission channels, and examines what policies might mitigate the effects of aging. We find that workforce aging reduces growth in labor productivity, mainly through its negative effect on TFP growth. Projected workforce aging could reduce TFP growth by an average of 0.2 percentage points every year over the next two decades. A variety of policies could ameliorate this effect.

This paper analyses the impact of large and persistent emigration from Eastern European countries over the past 25 years on these countries’ growth and income convergence to advanced Europe. While emigration has likely benefited migrants themselves, the receiving countries and the EU as a whole, its impact on sending countries’ economies has been largely negative. The analysis suggests that labor outflows, particularly of skilled workers, lowered productivity growth, pushed up wages, and slowed growth and income convergence. At the same time, while remittance inflows supported financial deepening, consumption and investment in some countries, they also reduced incentives to work and led to exchange rate appreciations, eroding competiveness. The departure of the young also added to the fiscal pressures of already aging populations in Eastern Europe. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for sending countries to mitigate the negative impact of emigration on their economies, and the EU-wide initiatives that could support these efforts.

There is long-standing debate on how population growth affects national economies. A new report from Population Matters examines the history of this debate and synthesizes current research on the topic. The authors, led by Harvard economist David Bloom, conclude that population age structure, more than size or growth per se, affects economic development, and that reducing high fertility can create opportunities for economic growth if the right kinds of educational, health, and labor-market policies are in place. The report also examines specific regions of the world and how their differing policy environments have affected the relationship between population change and economic development.

By the end of this century, 9 out of 10 Europeans will live in an urban area. But what kind of city will they call home? You'll find all the answers in CITY, TRANSFORMED, the new essay series from the European Investment Bank. This panoramic first essay in the series lays out a great sweeping history of European cities over the last fifty years—and showcases new directions being taken by some of our most innovative cities. Urban experts Greg Clark, Tim Moonen, and Jake Nunley based at University College London take a definitive look at how Europe's cities transformed from post-industrial decline to thriving metropolises that are as prosperous and liveable as anywhere on Earth.