This new book tackles two key questions: 1) How is the EU functioning as a security actor? 2) How and to what extent is the EU affecting national security identities? Focusing on the four largest Nordic states (Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden), this incisive study analyzes how and to what extent the EU affects national security identities. It shows how the EU has developed into a special kind of security actor that, due to its level of political integration, has an important influence on national security approaches and identities. This new analysis applies a fresh combination of integration theory, security studies and studies of Europeanization. The main argument in this book is that, rather than adapting to the changing conditions created by the end of the Cold War, the Nordic states changed their security approaches in response to the European integration process. It shows how different phases in the post Cold War European integration process have influenced the national security approaches of Sweden, Finland, Denmark and Norway. While all four security approaches seem to have been Europeanized, the speed and the character of these changes seem to vary due to a combination of differing ties to the EU and differing security policy traditions. This new book will be of great interest to all students of European Defence, national security and of security studies in general.

Examines European efforts to reduce defense dependency on the United States in a post-Cold War world.

The aim of this study is to examine the extent to which the end of the Cold War led to Europeanisation in the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). The analysis takes into consideration previous studies on Europeanisation and its impact on the transformation of national security and defence, and attempts to account for the development of Europeanisation and related mechanisms. These mechanisms, which have been described as framing mechanisms and negative integration, incorporate all the major relevant factors identified here (i.e. a common Strategic Culture, new security identity, domestic political decision-making, industrial base and defence-spending decline) that contributed to the realisation of the CSDP. The relevance of these factors for CSDP Europeanisation is examined through an historical and empirical analysis, and the relationship between the CSDP and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is also explored. This approach facilitates analysis of the debate concerning the emergence of the CSDP and throws light on the political shift that led European Union (EU) leaders to support the CSDP. Another aspect of this study is the empirical examination of the dynamics and limitations of the European defence sector. The changes which took place in this sector facilitated the emergence of the CSDP and are therefore analysed in the light of globalisation issues, economies of scale, economic crises, military autonomy, new security strategy and Research and Development (R&D) impact. This book will be of interest to students of European security, EU politics, defence studies and International Relations.

This book analyses how domestic and European structures impact on national actors’ identities, interests and foreign policy practices. Employing Norway as the case study area, the author uses this nation as an example to assess Europeanization and identity politics across the European Union (EU). Utilising an original and innovative approach called ‘social constructivist fusion perspective’, the author addresses Europeanization across several key factors. The author assesses the influence of the EU on ‘half-way member countries’, and the impact of identity politics and domestic structures, which factors contribute to or hinder Europeanization, and attempts to empirically measure Europeanization at the actor level. It analyses the impact of domestic and European structures on the identities, interests, attitudes and foreign policy practices of the Norwegian policy-makers. Whilst contributing to knowledge and literature on how constructivist approaches can be utilized in empirical studies of political elites, this book goes beyond theory to demonstrate that Europeanization is not only institutional, and provides evidence of the influence of identity politics. Europeanization, Integration and Identitywill be or interest to students, scholars and policy-makers in the field of European Union politics, international relations, social constructivism and Scandinavian politics.

The label 'European Security and Defence Identity' was used frequently in the 1990s and is attractive as it contains the different conceptualisations of security that developed in the post Cold War era. By asking to what extent an ESDI has developed within the EU or NATO and what it consists of, the study explores two aspects in particular. First, has the concept of security changed to the extent that military, economic and criminal threats are conceived and dealt with as a whole? It argues that this is not the case. As the decision-making mechanisms for different political instruments remain separated, events are not treated as a whole but rather dissected and different aspects addressed one by one. Second, is European security conceived as being indivisible? Is Europe entering a post-Westphalian and post state centric security age? The study confirms that a weak ESDI exists that complements rather than replaces or contradicts national security identities. Although national security identities will remain dominant, the study foresees a continued development of ESDI within the EU, while NATO will struggle to maintain the ESDI it has at present.

This work examines the key elements of Europe's dynamic security framework. It analyzes how European institutions and their policies influence the security of the continent, looking also at the broader political setting, in particular how the development of a European identity might influence European security. It aims to bring clarity into the often muddled discussion on European security and elucidates some of the concepts that are central to the current discourse on the topic.

European Security in the New Political Environment provides a thorough analysis of the detail and nature of post-Cold War security issues, from both traditional and new security agendas, assessing the current efficacy of current institutions and policies to address these issues.