It is in the interest of the United States and the other industrialized nations that the economic well-being of the developing countries be enhanced. Adequate supply and effective use of energy at reasonable cost are a necessary underpinning for economic development. The developing countries need assistance in assessing, planning, financing, and implementing energy supply programs. This volume examines the issues and options related to energy supply, use and financing in developing countries. Co-published with the Atlantic Council of the United States.

Lectures delivered at the Management Training Seminar held at the Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy, May 3-14, 1982

Climate change is occurring, is caused largely by human activities, and poses significant risks for-and in many cases is already affecting-a broad range of human and natural systems. The compelling case for these conclusions is provided in Advancing the Science of Climate Change, part of a congressionally requested suite of studies known as America's Climate Choices. While noting that there is always more to learn and that the scientific process is never closed, the book shows that hypotheses about climate change are supported by multiple lines of evidence and have stood firm in the face of serious debate and careful evaluation of alternative explanations. As decision makers respond to these risks, the nation's scientific enterprise can contribute through research that improves understanding of the causes and consequences of climate change and also is useful to decision makers at the local, regional, national, and international levels. The book identifies decisions being made in 12 sectors, ranging from agriculture to transportation, to identify decisions being made in response to climate change. Advancing the Science of Climate Change calls for a single federal entity or program to coordinate a national, multidisciplinary research effort aimed at improving both understanding and responses to climate change. Seven cross-cutting research themes are identified to support this scientific enterprise. In addition, leaders of federal climate research should redouble efforts to deploy a comprehensive climate observing system, improve climate models and other analytical tools, invest in human capital, and improve linkages between research and decisions by forming partnerships with action-oriented programs.

Lower oil prices are rising doubts about the underlying assumptions and ambitious energy programs of the last decade. How -- and how hard -- do countries pursue the goal of energy efficiency in an uncertain energy market?