Terminology; Preparation of specimens; Range and distribution of the productoidea; External mophology of the productoidea; Internal morphology of the productoidea; Life habits of the productoidea; Origin of the productoidea; Classification of the productoidea; Systematic descriptions.

This book is a complete review of the indications, techniques and outcomes of minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS) for neuro- and orthopaedic surgeons. Divided into seven sections the text begins with an overview of the fundamentals of MISS, explaining the development of techniques, anatomy, and imaging. The next chapters cover MISS for numerous disorders in both the cervical and lumbar spine followed by sections on surgery for tumours, infections and osteoporosis, and pain management. The book concludes with discussion on recent advances in the field of MISS, including robotics. The comprehensive text is highly illustrated with nearly 400 surgical images and tables. Key points Comprehensive review of minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS) In depth discussion on procedures for cervical and lumbar spine disorders Covers recent advances in MISS including robotics Highly illustrated with nearly 400 surgical images and tables

This manual has been compiled in response to the rapid expansion of instrumented spinal surgery using minimally invasive and non-fusion techniques, with a view to meeting the needs of spinal surgeons (orthopaedic and neurosurgeons). The various open, less invasive, and minimally invasive techniques are presented step by step in a clear and instructive way with the aid of more than 600 high-quality illustrations. Careful attention is paid to all aspects vital to the success of any spinal operation: precise definition of indications and contraindications, technical and organizational factors, good operating technique, and correct preoperative preparation and positioning of the patient. This second edition of the manual takes full account of the latest developments in spinal instrumentation and implants and new surgical techniques. It is authoritative, concise, and portable – ideal for use in a fast-paced clinical setting – and will serve as a daily companion for spinal surgeons and others who care for patients with spinal disorders.

Minimally invasive procedures are increasingly utilized and are replacing open surgery to reduce scarring and pain, enhance patient recovery, and minimize cost. This guide provides step-by-step guidance, expert instruction, and detailed illustration of the most recent minimally invasive orthopedic spine procedures. With a variety of chapters covering critical developments in the field including the utilization of biologic materials, image-guided surgery, and bone fusion, this guide delves into discussions of indications, methods for preoperative planning, complication avoidance strategies, and patient outcomes.

This timely book documents marvelous brachiopod fossils from the Palaeozoic-Mesozoic transition of South China. Numerous beautiful pictures and detailed descriptions (specifically the measurements of body size) of brachiopod species are presented. Systematic discussion on the evolution of brachiopod biodiversity and morphological features across the critical interval is not only extremely important for paleontologists to understand the marine ecosystem evolution from the Palaeozoic to the Mesozoic, but also attractive for students who need to know about the end-Permian mass extinction. The book distinguishes itself from other studies by its detailed study of the taxonomy, biodiversity and paleoecology of Permian-Triassic brachiopods from different palaeogeographic facies, especially from the deep-water environment in South China. The book also offers a unique study of the response of morphological features of brachiopods to palaeoenvironmental changes, providing insights for the process of Permian-Triassic crisis.

Endoscopic technology has advanced to the point where practitioners can now access, visualize, and treat spine pathologies previously only accessible through open surgical approaches. Endoscopic Spine Surgery 2nd Edition provides a comprehensive background on endoscopic spine surgery and covers an unparalleled number of minimally invasive spine procedures that have revolutionized the spine treatment paradigm. Readers will greatly benefit from many years of expertise and wisdom shared by master spine surgeons Daniel Kim, Gun Choi, Sang-Ho Lee, and Richard Fessler, and their expert contributors. Due to the narrow endoscopic view, subtle microanatomical differences in the lumbar, thoracic, and cervical regions are not always easy to visually discern. To address this challenge, the book contains detailed procedural descriptions and images mirroring endoscopic views spine surgeons encounter in the OR. Organized anatomically, 53 chapters guide readers systematically through lumbar, thoracic, cervical, and craniocervical junction procedures for pathologies ranging from low back pain and deformities to tumors, lesions, infections, and trauma. Key Features More than 1000 high quality images including color procedural photographs and medical illustrations provide in-depth visual understanding. Spinal pathologies and procedures delineated in 75 videos accessible via the Media Center - from case studies to step-by-step technique tutorials. Covers the full spectrum of spine endoscopy including percutaneous approaches, microdiscectomy, laminectomy, discectomy foraminotomy, hemilaminectomy, thoracic decompressions, fusion, fixation, and thoracoscopic procedures. The use of state-of-the-art technology such as ultrasonic bone dissectors, endoscopic radiofrequency denervation, the video telescope operating monitor (VITOM), minimally invasive tubular retractors, and 3D stereo-tubular endoscopic systems. Neurosurgical and orthopaedic residents, spine fellows, and seasoned spine surgeons will all greatly benefit from the significant knowledge and insights revealed in this remarkable multimedia resource. This book may also be of interest to neurosurgical and orthopaedic nurses, physical therapists, chiropractors, and medical device professionals.