CONTENTS:Social MovementsKarl MarxManifesto of the Communist PartyFriedrich EngelsScientific SocialismInterstate Commerce CommissionThe Public Control of RailroadsA Comparison of Municipal and Private OwnershipH. W. Macrosty (Fabian Society)English State SocialismSocial ConditionsRobert SomersThe South after the WarRedfield ProctorConditions in CubaF. H. SawyerProspects in the PhilippinesLife and Character of the TagalsArchæologyF. E. PeiserA Sketch of Babylonian SocietyPhysicsJames Clerk MaxwellElectricity a Wave in the EtherM. Henri PoincareThe Maxwell and Hertz Theory of Electricity and LightW. K. RoentgenThe X-RaysW. H. PreeceWireless Telegraphy: the Preece and Marconi SystemsChemistryD. J. MendeleefThe Periodic Law of the Chemical ElementsSir Norman LockyerThe Chemistry of the StarsBiologyAugust WeismanThe Continuity of the Germ Plasm as the Foundation of a Theory of HeredityRobert KochTheory of BacteriaLouis PasteurOn FermentationInoculation for HydrophobiaPsychologyDavid FerrierLocalization of the Functions in the BrainSir William CrookesTelepathyPhilologyThe Consonants (Grimms and Verners Laws)The VowelsThe Derivation of English from LatinChronological IndexGeneral Alphabetical and Analytical Index

A groundbreaking account of Napoleon Bonaparte, Pope Pius VII, and the kidnapping that would forever divide church and state In the wake of the French Revolution, Napoleon Bonaparte, First Consul of France, and Pope Pius VII shared a common goal: to reconcile the church with the state. But while they were able to work together initially, formalizing an agreement in 1801, relations between them rapidly deteriorated. In 1809, Napoleon ordered the Pope's arrest. Ambrogio Caiani provides a pioneering account of the tempestuous relationship between the emperor and his most unyielding opponent. Drawing on original findings in the Vatican and other European archives, Caiani uncovers the nature of Catholic resistance against Napoleon's empire; charts Napoleon's approach to Papal power; and reveals how the Emperor attempted to subjugate the church to his vision of modernity. Gripping and vivid, this book shows the struggle for supremacy between two great individuals--and sheds new light on the conflict that would shape relations between the Catholic church and the modern state for centuries to come.