HIV has been at the forefront in politics, medicine, and law since its discovery in 1981. Over thirty years have passed since the virus began a wave of fear made worse by a sensationalist media. Though much of the uproar has dulled, the lasting effects on the American Psyche have remained as the AIDS death toll has risen. Although the medical community has made significant progress in managing the infection through complex drug cocktails, prevention remains the most effective tool in the fight against AIDS. However, the old aphorism “an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure” has been difficult to effectuate because the medical community has been unable to successfully navigate the current regime regulating vaccines. This note has three goals: first, and perhaps most importantly, to describe the gauntlet that vaccines must go through to receive approval by the Food and Drug Administration; second, to point out deficiencies in the current regulatory regime that have delayed successful development of an HIV vaccine; and third, I will make brief suggestions for improvement that could turn red tape into a bandage in the form of a cure.

Why do we not have a vaccine for HIV? What are we doing wrong? Every HIV vaccine has failed so far, and public opinion is turning pessimistic against the scientific community. HIV vaccine efforts need a major shift in strategy. They require a better understanding of the immunological mechanisms that prevent African primates from getting AIDS. None of the 40 species of African primates, including chimpanzees and gorillas, get AIDS, even though all of them carry HIV-like viruses in their bodies. Why are they naturally vaccinated, while all of the man-made vaccines against HIV have failed miserably? This book offers intriguing new possibilities for the nature of human immunity, and the development of an effective AIDS vaccine. It is also a provocative treatise on the origin, evolution, and etiology of several forms of immune systems that is supported by a wealth of peer-reviewed scientific references. The compelling ideas presented in this study should have an important bearing on HIV vaccine development. It is a must read for anyone interested in the development of a safe AIDS vaccine, and for individuals interested in human immunity generally.

A legacy of our generation -- Ch. 1. We need to invest more in vaccines -- Ch. 2. Promoting private investment in vaccine development -- Ch. 3. A market not a prize -- Ch. 4. Design choices -- Ch. 5. $3 billion per disease -- Ch. 6. Meeting industry requirements -- Ch. 7. How sponsors can do it.

One in five people in the United States had a sexually transmitted infection (STI) on any given day in 2018, totaling nearly 68 million estimated infections. STIs are often asymptomatic (especially in women) and are therefore often undiagnosed and unreported. Untreated STIs can have severe health consequences, including chronic pelvic pain, infertility, miscarriage or newborn death, and increased risk of HIV infection, genital and oral cancers, neurological and rheumatological effects. In light of this, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, through the National Association of County and City Health Officials, commissioned the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to convene a committee to examine the prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections in the United States and provide recommendations for action. In 1997, the Institute of Medicine released a report, The Hidden Epidemic: Confronting Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Although significant scientific advances have been made since that time, many of the problems and barriers described in that report persist today; STIs remain an underfunded and comparatively neglected field of public health practice and research. The committee reviewed the current state of STIs in the United States, and the resulting report, Sexually Transmitted Infections: Advancing a Sexual Health Paradigm, provides advice on future public health programs, policy, and research.

The field of pharmaceutical biotechnology is evolving rapidly. A whole new arsenal of protein pharmaceuticals is being produced by recombinant techniques for cancer, viral infections, cardiovascular and hereditary disorders, and other diseases. In addition, scientists are confronted with new technologies such as polymerase chain reactions, combinatorial chemistry and gene therapy. This introductory textbook provides extensive coverage of both the basic science and the applications of biotechnology-produced pharmaceuticals, with special emphasis on their clinical use. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology serves as a complete one-stop source for undergraduate pharmacists, and it is valuable for researchers and professionals in the pharmaceutical industry as well.

"The Nation has lost sight of its public health goals and has allowed the system of public health to fall into 'disarray'," from The Future of Public Health. This startling book contains proposals for ensuring that public health service programs are efficient and effective enough to deal not only with the topics of today, but also with those of tomorrow. In addition, the authors make recommendations for core functions in public health assessment, policy development, and service assurances, and identify the level of government--federal, state, and local--at which these functions would best be handled.